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The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living.[1] Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization and "may be as old as humanity itself".[2] Common features of underworld myths are accounts of living people making journeys to the underworld, often for some heroic purpose. Other myths reinforce traditions that the entrance of souls to the underworld requires a proper observation of ceremony, such as the ancient Greek story of the recently dead Patroclus haunting Achilles until his body could be properly buried for this purpose.[3] People with high social status were dressed and equipped in order to better navigate the underworld.[4] A number of mythologies incorporate the concept of the soul of the deceased making its own journey to the underworld, with the dead needing to be taken across a defining obstacle such as a lake or a river to reach this destination.[5] Imagery of such journeys can be found in both ancient and modern art. The descent to the underworld has been described as "the single most important myth for Modernist authors".[6] By religion[edit] This list includes underworlds in various religious traditions, with links to corresponding articles: Ethnicity, religion, or region Name of underworld Albanian mythology Ferri Aztec mythology Mictlan Mesopotamian religion Irkalla Baduy & Sundanese mythology Buana Larang Buddhism Naraka (also Niraya) Celtic mythology Annwn, Mag Mell, Dubnos Chinese folk religion / Taoism Míngjiè 冥界, Huángquán 黄泉, Diyu 地狱 Christian mythology Hell, Tártaro, Purgatory, Hades Egyptian religion Aaru, Duat, Neter-khertet, Amenti Estonian mythology Toonela Fijian mythology Burotu, Murimuria[7] Finnish mythology Tuonela Georgian mythology Kveskneli Germanic religion Hel, Náströnd, Niflhel Greek religion Main article: Greek underworld Elysium, Asphodel Meadows, Tartarus Guanche mythology Echeide, Guayota Hinduism Patala, Naraka or Yamaloka Hittite mythology Dankuš daganzipaš/Dankuš tekan (dark earth) Hopi mythology Maski Hungarian mythology Alvilág Inca mythology Uku Pacha Inuit mythology Adlivun Islamic mythology Jahannam, Sijjin Jainism Naraka, Adho Loka (the lower world) Shinto Yomi 黄泉, Ne-no-Kuni 根の国, Jigoku 地獄 Jewish mythology Sheol, Abaddon, Tehom (in Kabbalah), Tophet, Tzoah Rotachat, Dudael Korean mythology Korean: 지옥; Hanja: 地獄; RR: Jiok Latvian mythology Aizsaule Lithuanian mythology Anapilis mountain Malay mythology Alam Ghaib (The unseen realm) Indonesian mythology Mandaeism World of Darkness (alma d-hšuka) Māori mythology Hawaiki, Rarohenga, Rangi Tuarea, Te Toi-o-nga-Ranga, Uranga-o-te-rā Mapuche mythology Pellumawida, Degin, Wenuleufu, Ngullchenmaiwe Maya mythology Xibalba or Metnal Melanesian mythology (includes Fijian) Bulu, Burotu, Murimuria, Nabagatai, Tuma Oromo mythology Ekera Zoroastrianism Duzakh Philippine mythology Kasanaan Polynesian mythology Avaiki, Bulotu, Iva, Lua-o-Milu, Nga- Atua, Pulotu, Rangi Tuarea, Te Toi-o-nga-Ranga, Uranga-o-Te-Ra Pueblo mythology Shipap Roman mythology Orcus, Inferi Di, Avernus Romanian mythology Tărâmul Celălalt Slavic mythology Nav, Vyraj Sumerian mythology Kur, Hubur Turko-Mongol Tamağ Vietnamese mythology Âm phủ 陰府, Địa ngục 地獄 Wagawaga (New Guinea) mythology Hiyoyoa Underworld figures[edit] This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various religious traditions, with links to corresponding articles. Origin associated deity/spirits Aboriginal mythology Baiame (Kamilaroi), Eingana Akkadian mythology Allu, Anu, Anunnaku, Ereshkigal, Etemmu, Gallu, Humbaba, Mamitu, Nergal, Utnapishtim Albanian mythology E Bukura e Dheut Turko-Mongol Erlik Armenian mythology Spandaramet Aztec mythology Mictlantecuhtli & Mictecacihuatl (advocations: Chalmecacihualt, Chalmecatl) Babylonian mythology Erra, Nergal, Ninlil, Sursunabu, Ur-shanabi, Utnapishtim Balinese mythology Batara Kala, Setesuyara Bon mythology gNyan Buddhism King Yama Canaanite mythology Mot, Arsay Celtic mythology Aed, Arawn, Cwn Annwn, Donn, Gwyn ap Nudd, Manannán mac Lir, Pwyll, Nemain, The Morrigan, Taranis (sometimes in popular culture). Chinese folk religion Yanluo Wang, Heibai Wuchang, Ox-Head and Horse-Face, Meng Po, Zhong Kui Christianity Satan, Lucifer, Beelzebub, Belial Egyptian mythology Aken, Aker (strictly only the gatekeeper), Am-heh, Amunet, Ammit, Andjety, Anubis, Apep, Apis, Astennu, Ha, Imiut (if the Imiut was ever considered a god), Isis, Mehen, Naunet, Nehebkau, Nephthys, Nun, Nut, Osiris, Ptah, Seker, Thoth, Wepwawet Elamite mythology Jabru Estonian mythology Vanapagan Etruscan mythology Charun, Culsu, Februus, Mania, Mantus, Nethuns, Tuchulcha, Vanth Fijian mythology Degei Finnish mythology Kalma, Kipu-Tyttö, Kivutar, Lovitar, Surma, Tuonen akka, Tuonetar, Tuoni, Vammatar Greek mythology Cerberus, Charon, Hades, Pluto, Keres, Persephone, Thánatos, Eris, Hermes, Hera Georgian mythology sasuleti Germanic religion Garmr, Hel, Rán, Níðhögg Haida mythology Ta'xet, Tia Hattian mythology, Hittite mythology Lelwani Hinduism Yama Hopi mythology Maasaw Hungarian mythology Ördög Ibo mythology Ala Incan mythology Supay, Vichama Indonesian mythology (ancient Javananese, Sundanese and Balinese) Batara Kala guardian for sinners souls' underworld, Dewi Sri guardess for the righteous souls' underworld Islam Iblis, Shayatin, Maalik (Guardian) Inuit mythology Pana, Sedna Japanese mythology Izanami-no-Mikoto, Jikininki, Shikome, Shiryō, Susanoo-no-Mikoto Judaism Satan, Malach HaMavet ("Angel of Death") (both are associated with Samael), Malachei Habala ("Sabotage Angels"), Dumah Kassite mythology Dur Khmer mythology Preas Eyssaur Latvian mythology