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1 Never No More Aaliyah
2 You Got Nerve Aaliyah
3 We Need A Resolution Aaliyah
4 More Than A Woman Aaliyah
5 Extra Smooth Aaliyah
6 Try Again Aaliyah
7 I Refuse Aaliyah
8 What If Aaliyah
9 Rock The Boat Aaliyah
10 Those Were The Days Aaliyah
11 Read Between The Lines Aaliyah
12 I Care 4 U Aaliyah
13 I Can Be Aaliyah
14 Loose Rap Aaliyah
15 It's Whatever Aaliyah
16 Street Thing Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
17 Age Ain't Nothin' Butta Number Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
18 No One Knows How To Love Me Quite Like You Do Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
19 Young Nation Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
20 I'm So Into You Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
21 I'm Down Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
22 Age Ain't Nothing But a Number Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
23 Down With The Clique Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
24 Throw Your Hands Up Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
25 Old School Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
26 Intro Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
27 At Your Best Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
28 Back & Forth (mr. Lee & R. Kelly's Remix) Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
29 Back And Forth Age Ain't Nothing But A Number
30 Again Alice In Chains
31 Frogs Alice In Chains
32 God Am Alice In Chains
33 Sludge Factory Alice In Chains
34 Heaven Beside You Alice In Chains
35 Nothin' Song Alice In Chains
36 Head Creeps Alice In Chains
37 Over Now Alice In Chains
38 Grind Alice In Chains
39 So Close Alice In Chains
40 Shame In You Alice In Chains
41 Brush Away Alice In Chains
42 I Am, I Feel Alisha Rules The World
43 The Golden Rule Alisha Rules The World
44 Stone In My Shoe Alisha Rules The World
45 I Won't Miss You Alisha Rules The World
46 Indestructible Alisha Rules The World
47 Personality Lines Alisha Rules The World
48 Just The Way U Like It Alisha Rules The World
49 Intense Alisha Rules The World
50 White Room Alisha Rules The World
51 Alisha Rules The World Alisha Rules The World
52 Adore U Alisha Rules The World
53 Air We Breathe Alisha Rules The World
54 Irresistable U Are Alisha Rules The World
55 Orange Appeal ANThology
56 Happy Death Day ANThology
57 Smooth Criminal ANThology
58 Sticks And Stones ANThology
59 Stranded ANThology
60 Movies ANThology
61 Universe ANThology
62 Whisper ANThology
63 Flesh And Bone ANThology
64 Wish ANThology
65 Death Day Anthology
66 Attitude ANThology
67 Summer ANThology
68 Courage ANThology
69 Calico ANThology
70 My God Audio Adrenaline
71 Life Audio Adrenaline
72 J-e-s-u-s Is Right Audio Adrenaline
73 Revolution Audio Adrenaline
74 Dc-10 Audio Adrenaline
75 Audio World Audio Adrenaline
76 One Step Hyper Audio Adrenaline
77 What You Need Audio Adrenaline
78 Pda Audio Adrenaline
79 The Most Excellent Way Audio Adrenaline
80 Who Do You Love? Audio Adrenaline
81 Movin On - Marcia Hines Australian Idol Final 12
82 Rise Up Australian Idol Final 12
83 You Believe In Me - Costima De Vito Australian Idol Final 12
84 Dirty Girl - Rob Mills Australian Idol Final 12
85 Hello,Hooray Billion Dollar Babies
86 No More Mr Nice Guy Billion Dollar Babies
87 Billion Dollar Babies Billion Dollar Babies
88 Mary-Ann Billion Dollar Babies
89 Sick Things Billion Dollar Babies
90 Raped And Freezin' Billion Dollar Babies
91 Hello hooray Billion Dollar Babies
92 Generation Landslide Billion Dollar Babies
93 No More Mister Nice Guy Billion Dollar Babies
94 Generations Landslide Billion Dollar Babies
95 I Love The Dead Billion Dollar Babies
96 Raped And freezing Billion Dollar Babies
97 Elected Billion Dollar Babies
98 Unfinished Sweet Billion Dollar Babies
99 Secret Bloom
100 Bag Lady Bloom
101 Never Gonna Be As Big As Jesus Bloom
102 Memoir Bloom
103 I Hear Jesus Calling Bloom
104 See Through Bloom
105 I'm Not The King Bloom
106 Man Of God Bloom
107 Walk On Water Bloom
108 Gloryland Bloom
109 Good People Bloom
110 Pessimystic Brutal Planet
111 Pick Up The Bones Brutal Planet
112 Wicked Young Man Brutal Planet
113 Take It Like A Woman Brutal Planet
114 Sanctuary Brutal Planet
115 It's The Little Things Brutal Planet
116 Blow Me A Kiss Brutal Planet
117 Gimme Brutal Planet
118 Cold Machines Brutal Planet
119 Brutalplanet Brutal Planet
120 Crawlin' Constrictor
121 He's Back (The Man Behind The Mask) Constrictor
122 Great American Success Story Constrictor
123 Teenage Frankenstein Constrictor
124 Give It Up Constrictor
125 The World Needs Guts Constrictor
126 Trick Bag Constrictor
127 Teenage Lament 74 Definitive
128 Muscle Of Love Definitive
129 Halo Of Flies Definitive
130 From The Inside Definitive
131 Would? Dirt
132 Godsmack Dirt
133 Angry Chair Dirt
134 Rain When I Die Dirt
135 Them Bones Dirt
136 Hate To Feel Dirt
137 Down In A Hole Dirt
138 Rooster Dirt
139 God Smack Dirt
140 Untitled Dirt
141 Dirt Dirt
142 Sickman Dirt
143 Junkhead Dirt
144 Dam That River Dirt
145 Scum Sweetheart Don't Censor Me
146 Don't Censor Me Don't Censor Me
147 Let Love Don't Censor Me
148 We're A Band Don't Censor Me
149 Jesus & The California Kid Don't Censor Me
150 A.k.a. Public School Don't Censor Me
151 My World View Don't Censor Me
152 Big House Don't Censor Me
153 Soulmate Don't Censor Me
154 Can't Take God Away Don't Censor Me
155 Rest Easy Don't Censor Me
156 World Profit Donut Comes Alive
157 Death Shield Donut Comes Alive
158 Tipper Gore Donut Comes Alive
159 I Want Your Mother Donut Comes Alive
160 Sunshine Superman Donut Comes Alive
161 Bedpost Donut Comes Alive
162 Love Is A Frickle Thing Donut Comes Alive
163 Great Big Big Big Head Donut Comes Alive
164 Green Pea Soup Donut Comes Alive
165 Diet Cola Syringe Donut Comes Alive
166 New Jersey Exit Donut Comes Alive
167 Windshield Of Love Donut Comes Alive
168 Mad Dogs On A Bone Donut Comes Alive
169 Joan Of Arc Donut Comes Alive
170 American Lips Donut Comes Alive
171 Mason Reese Donut Comes Alive
172 Dragontown Dragontown
173 Under My Wheels Essentials
174 School's Out Essentials
175 How You Gonna See Me Now Essentials
176 I'm Eighteen Essentials
177 Be My Lover Essentials
178 Another Night Every Time You Say Goodbye
179 Jesus Help Me To Stand Every Time You Say Goodbye
180 Last Love Letter Every Time You Say Goodbye
181 Cluck Old Hen (instrumental) Every Time You Say Goodbye
182 Who Can Blame You Every Time You Say Goodbye
183 It Won't Work This Time Every Time You Say Goodbye
184 Heartstrings Every Time You Say Goodbye
185 I Don't Know Why Every Time You Say Goodbye
186 Every Time You Say Goodbye Every Time You Say Goodbye
187 Cloudy Days Every Time You Say Goodbye
188 Another Day, Another Dollar Every Time You Say Goodbye
189 New Fool Every Time You Say Goodbye
190 Shield Of Faith Every Time You Say Goodbye
191 Lose Again Every Time You Say Goodbye
192 I Know Somethin' ('bout You) Facelift
193 Confusion Facelift
194 Sea of Sorrow Facelift
195 Put You Down Facelift
196 I Know Somethn' ('Bout You) Facelift
197 Love, Hate, Love Facelift
198 It Ain't Like That Facelift
199 We Die Young Facelift
200 Sunshine Facelift
201 Bleed the Freak Facelift
202 I Can't Remember Facelift
203 Man in the Box Facelift
204 Real Thing Facelift
205 Another Innocent Girl From Here To Infirmary
206 Stupid Kid From Here To Infirmary
207 Private Eye From Here To Infirmary
208 Mr. Chainsaw From Here To Infirmary
209 Steamer Trunk From Here To Infirmary
210 Crawl From Here To Infirmary
211 You're Dead From Here To Infirmary
212 Armageddon From Here To Infirmary
213 Trucks And Trains From Here To Infirmary
214 I'm Dying Tomorrow From Here To Infirmary
215 Bloodied Up From Here To Infirmary
216 Take Lots With Alcohol From Here To Infirmary
217 For Veronika's Sake From The Inside
218 Inmates (We're All Crazy) From The Inside
219 Nurse Rozetta From The Inside
220 Millie And Billie From The Inside
221 Jackknife Johnny From The Inside
222 Nose Over Tail Goddamnit
223 Trouble Breathing Goddamnit
224 As You Were Goddamnit
225 Cop Goddamnit
226 Sorry About That Goddamnit
227 Cringe Goddamnit
228 Message From Kathlene Goddamnit
229 Southern Rock Goddamnit
230 My Little Needle Goddamnit
231 Clavicle Goddamnit
232 Enjoy Your Day Goddamnit
233 San Francisco Goddamnit
234 Go To Hell Goes To Hell
235 We've Had Enough Good Mourning
236 This Could Be Love Good Mourning
237 All On Black Good Mourning
238 Emma Good Mourning
239 Continental Good Mourning
240 Fatally Yours Good Mourning
241 Every Thug Needs A Lady Good Mourning
242 100 Stories Good Mourning
243 Blue Carolina Good Mourning
244 Old School Reasons Good Mourning
245 Donner Party Good Mourning
246 Dead End Road Good Mourning
247 Blue In The Face Good Mourning
248 If We Never Go Inside Good Mourning
249 Veni Vedi Vici Gourmandises
250 J.B.G. Gourmandises
251 A Quoi Rve Une Jeune Fille Gourmandises
252 Parler Tout Bas Gourmandises
253 Gourmandises Gourmandises
254 Abracadabra Gourmandises
255 L'alizee Gourmandises
256 Lui Ou Toi Gourmandises
257 Mon Maquis Gourmandises
258 Moi ... Lolita Gourmandises
259 Moi, Lolita Gourmandises
260 Solution Time Greatest Hits
261 Ss Recognize Greatest Hits
262 Pink Tea Greatest Hits
263 Movies. Greatest Hits
264 Denigrate Greatest Hits
265 These Days Greatest Hits
266 Dole Roll Greatest Hits
267 Smooth Criminal Greatest Hits
268 Universe Greatest Hits
269 Nova Hands Greatest Hits
270 Boughetto Heavy Starch
271 Burning Our Bed Hey Stoopid
272 Little by Little Hey Stoopid
273 Snakebite Hey Stoopid
274 Die For You Hey Stoopid
275 Dirty Dreams Hey Stoopid
276 Hey Stoopid Hey Stoopid
277 Hurricane Years Hey Stoopid
278 Dangerous Tonight Hey Stoopid
279 Might As Well Be On Mars Hey Stoopid
280 Wind-Up Toy Hey Stoopid
281 Love's a Loaded Gun Hey Stoopid
282 Feed My Frankenstein Hey Stoopid
283 Devil You Call Love House We Built
284 She Ain't Missing You House We Built
285 Perfectly Happy House We Built
286 Dreaming House We Built
287 Want Me Back House We Built
288 Come Over I Care 4 U
289 Miss You I Care 4 U
290 All I Need I Care 4 U
291 Got To Give It Up (new remix) I Care 4 U
292 At Your Best I Care 4 U
293 Are You That Somebody I Care 4 U
294 One In A Million I Care 4 U
295 I Care 4 U I Care 4 U
296 More Than A Woman I Care 4 U
297 Erica Kane I Care 4 U
298 Try Again I Care 4 U
299 Back and Forth I Care 4 U
300 Don't Worry I Care 4 U
301 Don't Know What To Tell Ya I Care 4 U
302 Wish I Still Had You I've Got That Old Feeling
303 It's Over I've Got That Old Feeling
304 Longest Highway I've Got That Old Feeling
305 That Makes One Of Us I've Got That Old Feeling
306 One Good Reason I've Got That Old Feeling
307 Tonight I'll Be Lonely Too I've Got That Old Feeling
308 Steel Rails I've Got That Old Feeling
309 Will You Be Leaving I've Got That Old Feeling
310 I've Got That Old Feeling I've Got That Old Feeling
311 Endless Highway I've Got That Old Feeling
312 Winter Of A Broken Heart I've Got That Old Feeling
313 Dark Skies I've Got That Old Feeling
314 Going Down Illumiha
315 Wish I Were You Illumiha
316 The Incidentals Illumiha
317 Shameless Illumiha
318 Are You Jealous? Illumiha
319 Lay Low Illumiha
320 Karmically Close Illumiha
321 It's Not Your Fault Illumiha
322 Do I Lie? Illumiha
323 Dive In Illumiha
324 Barbarella Illumiha
325 Me & The Dolphins Illumiha
326 Outta These Clouds Illumiha
327 Resistor Illumiha
328 Scared Like Me Illumiha
329 Air & Angels Illumiha
330 Lazy Head Illumiha
331 Angel Eyes Japanese Dream
332 White Room Japanese Dream
333 Army Of Fools Japanese Dream
334 Bitter Lemon Japanese Dream
335 Drunken & Tearful Japanese Dream
336 He's A Rebel Japanese Dream
337 Japanese Dream Japanese Dream
338 Sweet Escape Japanese Dream
339 Don't Follow Jar Of Flies
340 Nutshell Jar Of Flies
341 Whale & Wasp Jar Of Flies
342 Rotten Apple Jar Of Flies
343 I Stay Away Jar Of Flies
344 No Excuses Jar Of Flies
345 Swing On This Jar Of Flies
346 It's Me Last Temptation
347 Stolen Prayer Last Temptation
348 Sideshow Last Temptation
349 You're My Temptation Last Temptation
350 Cleansed By Fire Last Temptation
351 Unholy War Last Temptation
352 Nothing's Free Last Temptation
353 Lost In America Last Temptation
354 Wishing I Was There Left Of The Middle
355 Left Of The Middle Left Of The Middle
356 Leave Me Alone Left Of The Middle
357 Intuition Left Of The Middle
358 Big Mistake Left Of The Middle
359 City Left Of The Middle
360 Impressed Left Of The Middle
361 Torn Left Of The Middle
362 One More Addiction Left Of The Middle
363 Don't You Think Left Of The Middle
364 Pigeons & Crumbs Left Of The Middle
365 Smoke Left Of The Middle
366 Mr And Misdemeanor Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
367 Is Anyone Home? Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
368 Is It My Body Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
369 Lay Down And Die, Goodbye Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
370 Fire Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
371 Refrigerator Heaven Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
372 Ballad Of Dwight Fry Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
373 Caught In A Dream Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
374 Only My Heart Talkin' Life & Crimes Of Alice Cooper
375 You've Got So Far To Go Maybe I'll Catch Fire
376 Madam Me Maybe I'll Catch Fire
377 Keep Em Coming Maybe I'll Catch Fire
378 Sleepyhead Maybe I'll Catch Fire
379 Fuck You Aurora Maybe I'll Catch Fire
380 Maybe I'll Catch Fire Maybe I'll Catch Fire
381 Tuck Me In Maybe I'll Catch Fire
382 She Took Him To The Lake Maybe I'll Catch Fire
383 5-3-10-4 Maybe I'll Catch Fire
384 Radio Maybe I'll Catch Fire
385 L'E-mail A Des Ailes Mes Courants Electriques
386 Youpidou Mes Courants Electriques
387 Contre Courant Mes Courants Electriques
388 Coeur Dj Pris Mes Courants Electriques
389 Hey Amigo Mes Courants Electriques
390 J'ai Pas Vingt Ans Mes Courants Electriques
391 Tempte Mes Courants Electriques
392 C'est Trop Tard Mes Courants Electriques
393 Amlie M'a Dit Mes Courants Electriques
394 Toc De Mac Mes Courants Electriques
395 J'en Ai Marre Mes Courants Electriques
396 Would? MTV Unplugged
397 Nutshell MTV Unplugged
398 Frogs MTV Unplugged
399 Rooster MTV Unplugged
400 Angry Chair MTV Unplugged
401 Sludge Factory MTV Unplugged
402 Killer Is Me MTV Unplugged
403 Brother MTV Unplugged
404 Over Now MTV Unplugged
405 No Excuses MTV Unplugged
406 Heaven Beside You MTV Unplugged
407 Got Me Wrong MTV Unplugged
408 Down In A Hole MTV Unplugged
409 The Killer Is Me Music Bank
410 I Can't Have You Blues Music Bank
411 It Ain't Like That Music Bank
412 Iron Gland Music Bank
413 Heaven Beside You Music Bank
414 Head Creeps Music Bank
415 Whatcha Gonna Do Music Bank
416 Grind Music Bank
417 Got Me Wrong Music Bank
418 God Smack Music Bank
419 God Am Music Bank
420 Get Born Again Music Bank
421 Frogs Music Bank
422 Fear The Voices Music Bank
423 Down In A Hole Music Bank
424 Dirt Music Bank
425 I Can't Remember Music Bank
426 I Stay Away Music Bank
427 Them Bones Music Bank
428 Social Parasite Music Bank
429 Sickman Music Bank
430 Sea Of Sorrow Music Bank
431 Rooster Music Bank
432 Right Turn Music Bank
433 Rain When I Die Music Bank
434 Over Now Music Bank
435 Nutshell Music Bank
436 No Excuses Music Bank
437 Man In The Box Music Bank
438 We Die Young Music Bank
439 Love, Hate, Love Music Bank
440 Killing Yourself Music Bank
441 Junkhead Music Bank
442 Died Music Bank
443 Dam That River Music Bank
444 Queen Of The Rodeo Music Bank
445 Lying Season Music Bank
446 Hate To Feel Music Bank
447 Would? Music Bank
448 What The Hell Have I? Music Bank
449 Again Music Bank
450 Am I Inside Music Bank
451 Angry Chair Music Bank
452 A Little Bitter Music Bank
453 Bleed The Freak Music Bank
454 Confusion Music Bank
455 Brother Music Bank
456 Return Of The Spiders N/A
457 Second Coming N/A
458 Shoe Salesman N/A
459 Turn The Page N/A
460 Still No Air N/A
461 Sun Arise N/A
462 Yeah,Yeah,Yeah N/A
463 You Messed Up N/A
464 Juiciest N/A
465 Once Upon A December N/A
466 Lui Ou Toi N/A
467 Come Back In One Piece N/A
468 Da Da N/A
469 El Calor Del Amor En Un Bar N/A
470 Gourmandises N/A
471 Halloweed Be My Name N/A
472 Hell Is Living Without You N/A
473 I'm Your Gun N/A
474 Journey To The Past N/A
475 L'alizee N/A
476 Long Way To Go N/A
477 House Of Fire N/A
478 At Your Best (Remix) N/A
479 Black Juju N/A
480 Aaliyah N/A
481 Are You That Somebody? N/A
482 Are You Feelin' Me N/A
483 Below Your Means N/A
484 Dangerous Tonight Nice Nightmare
485 This Maniac's In Love With You Nice Nightmare
486 Bad Place Allone Nice Nightmare
487 Bed Of Nails Nice Nightmare
488 Lullaby Nice Nightmare
489 Poison Nice Nightmare
490 La Noche Lleg No Soy Un ngel
491 La Leccin No Soy Un ngel
492 Vas A Volverme Loca No Soy Un ngel
493 Crazy Tonight No Soy Un ngel
494 You Got Me Going Crazy No Soy Un ngel
495 Man In The Box Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
496 Would? Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
497 Again Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
498 Rooster Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
499 Down In A Hole Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
500 Angry Chair Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
501 Iron Gland Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
502 Them Bones Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
503 We Die Young Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
504 Got Me Wrong Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
505 Get Born Again Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
506 No Excuses Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
507 I Stay Away Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
508 What The Hell Have I? Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
509 Grind Nothing Safe-best Of The Box
510 Oh, Atlanta Now That I've Found You
511 Tonight I'll Be Lonely Too Now That I've Found You
512 Every Time You Say Goodbye Now That I've Found You
513 When You Say Nothing At All Now That I've Found You
514 Baby, Now That I've Found You Now That I've Found You
515 Broadway Now That I've Found You
516 Teardrops Will Kiss The Morning Dew Now That I've Found You
517 Sleep On Now That I've Found You
518 When God Dips His Pen Of Love In My Heart Now That I've Found You
519 I Will Now That I've Found You
520 I Don't Believe You've Met My Baby Now That I've Found You
521 In The Palm Of Your Hand Now That I've Found You
522 Beats 4 Da Streets (Intro) One In A Million
523 The One I Gave My Heart To One In A Million
524 One In A Million One In A Million
525 Never Giving Up One In A Million
526 Never Comin Back One In A Million
527 A Girl Like You One In A Million
528 Hot Like Fire One In A Million
529 I Gotcha Back One In A Million
530 If Your Girl Only Knew One In A Million
531 Ladies In Da House One In A Million
532 Heartbroken One In A Million
533 Choosey Lover One In A Million
534 Everything's Gonna Be Alright One In A Million
535 Got To Give It Up One In A Million
536 Came To Give Love One In A Million
537 Giving You More One In A Million
538 Came to Give Love (Outro) One In A Million
539 4 Page Letter One In A Million
540 4 Page Letter One In A Millon
541 The One I Gave My Heart To One In A Millon
542 A Girl Like You One In A Millon
543 Came To Give Love One In A Millon
544 Choosey Love One In A Millon
545 Everythings Gonna Be Alright One In A Millon
546 Never Comin Back One In A Millon
547 Ladies In Da House One In A Millon
548 I Gotcha Back One In A Millon
549 One In A Million One In A Millon
550 Hot Like Fire One In A Millon
551 If Your Girl Only Knew One In A Millon
552 Heartbroken One In A Millon
553 Got To Give It Up One In A Millon
554 Giving You More One In A Millon
555 Never Giving Up One In A Millon
556 Thrill My Gorilla Prince Of Darkness
557 Life And Death Of The Party Prince Of Darkness
558 Simple Disobedience Prince Of Darkness
559 Lost In Place Pure Acid Park
560 Millennium Pure Acid Park
561 The Senator And The Cabin Boy Pure Acid Park
562 Insane Pure Acid Park
563 Big Cars And Blow Jobs Pure Acid Park
564 Freaks In Love Pure Acid Park
565 Mummenschantz Pachinko Pure Acid Park
566 The Shining Path Pure Acid Park
567 Cain Pure Acid Park
568 The Unspeakable Pleasure Of Being Me Pure Acid Park
569 Dreaming In Cuban Pure Acid Park
570 Name of the Game Reflection Eternal
571 Move Somethin' Reflection Eternal
572 Memories Live Reflection Eternal
573 On My Way Reflection Eternal
574 Love Language Reflection Eternal
575 Some Kind Of Wonderful Reflection Eternal
576 Down for the Count Reflection Eternal
577 Soul Rebels Reflection Eternal
578 Eternalists Reflection Eternal
579 Too Late Reflection Eternal
580 Touch You Reflection Eternal
581 For Women Reflection Eternal
582 Big Nel from Da Natti Reflection Eternal
583 Africa Dream Reflection Eternal
584 Ghetto Afterlife Reflection Eternal
585 Good Mourning Reflection Eternal
586 The Blast Reflection Eternal
587 This Means You Reflection Eternal
588 Good Posture Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
589 My Best Friend's Wife Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
590 Telebloodprintmediadeathwhore Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
591 War Pigs Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
592 What Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
593 Come Up With Your Hands Out Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
594 Naked, Sharp & Perfect Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
595 Rise To The Skin Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
596 Sleep Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
597 Dead River Revenge Fantasies Of The Impotent
598 Rise up Rise Up
599 Dirty girl Rise Up
600 Brother Sap
601 Got Me Wrong Sap
602 Right Turn Sap
603 Am I Inside Sap
604 Love Song Sap
605 Public Animal # 9 School's Out
606 Cutter Cat Vs. The Jets School's Out
607 My Stars School's Out
608 Alma Matter School's Out
609 Luney Tune School's Out
610 Blue Turk School's Out
611 Scream From The Abyss Shadow Hearts
612 Bad Dream Shadow Hearts
613 Vicious Circle Shadow Hearts
614 Forsaken Horizon Shadow Hearts
615 The Seventh Soul Shadow Hearts
616 Dark Shadows Shadow Hearts
617 Detect Your Liberty Shadow Hearts
618 Fire Is My Witness Shadow Hearts
619 Between The Worlds Shadow Hearts
620 A Piece of My Life Shadow Hearts
621 Storm Of Rage Shadow Hearts
622 It Doesn't Matter So Long So Wrong
623 There Is A Reason So Long So Wrong
624 The Road Is A Lover So Long So Wrong
625 Blue Trail Of Sorrow So Long So Wrong
626 Pain Of A Troubled Life So Long So Wrong
627 Looking In The Eyes Of Love So Long So Wrong
628 So Long So Wrong So Long So Wrong
629 No Place To Hide So Long So Wrong
630 Deeper Than Crying So Long So Wrong
631 I Can Let Go Now So Long So Wrong
632 I'll Remember You, Love, In My Prayers So Long So Wrong
633 Find My Way Back To My Heart So Long So Wrong
634 Happiness So Long So Wrong
635 Little Liza Jane So Long So Wrong
636 Original Species Some Kind Of Zombie
637 Superfriend Some Kind Of Zombie
638 God-shaped Hole Some Kind Of Zombie
639 Flicker Some Kind Of Zombie
640 Some Kind Of Zombie Some Kind Of Zombie
641 Lighthouse Some Kind Of Zombie
642 Blitz Some Kind Of Zombie
643 People Like Me Some Kind Of Zombie
644 New Body Some Kind Of Zombie
645 Chevette Some Kind Of Zombie
646 Fallin' Songs In A Minor
647 How Come You Don't Call Me Anymore Songs In A Minor
648 Piano & I (interlude) Songs In A Minor
649 Jane Doe Songs In A Minor
650 How Come You Don't Call Me Songs In A Minor
651 Butterflyz Songs In A Minor
652 Girlfriend Songs In A Minor
653 Fallin Songs In A Minor
654 Mr. Man (featuring Jimmy Cozier) Songs In A Minor
655 Why Do I Feel So Sad Songs In A Minor
656 Lovin' You Songs In A Minor
657 Mr. Man Songs In A Minor
658 Never Felt This Way (Interlude) Songs In A Minor
659 Piano & I Songs In A Minor
660 The Life Songs In A Minor
661 Rock Wit U Songs In A Minor
662 Why Do I Feel So Sad? Songs In A Minor
663 Caged Bird Songs In A Minor
664 Troubles Songs In A Minor
665 Goodbye Songs In A Minor
666 A Woman's Worth Songs In A Minor
667 Tu Y Yo Thalia
668 En La Fiesta Mando Yo Thalia
669 As Es El Destino Thalia
670 When you really love someone The Diary of Alicia Keys
671 If I Was Your Woman The Diary of Alicia Keys
672 So Simple The Diary of Alicia Keys
673 Feeling you feeling me (interlude) The Diary of Alicia Keys
674 Dragon Days The Diary of Alicia Keys
675 Slow Down The Diary of Alicia Keys
676 Wake Up The Diary of Alicia Keys
677 Diary The Diary of Alicia Keys
678 Someday We will all be free The Diary of Alicia Keys
679 If I Ain't Got You The Diary of Alicia Keys
680 You Don't Know My Name The Diary of Alicia Keys
681 Harlem's Nocture The Diary of Alicia Keys
682 Heartburn The Diary of Alicia Keys
683 Karma The Diary of Alicia Keys
684 Samsonite Man The Diary of Alicia Keys
685 Nobody Not Really The Diary of Alicia Keys
686 Alone The Truth About Us
687 I'm gone The Truth About Us
688 Will you be there for me? The Truth About Us
689 Yo The Truth About Us
690 I'm Your Gun Trash
691 Bed of Nails Trash
692 Trash Trash
693 This Maniac's in Love With You Trash
694 Only My Heart Talkin' Trash
695 Hell is Living Without You Trash
696 House of Fire Trash
697 Spark in the Dark Trash
698 Why Trust You Trash
699 Poison Trash
700 Tia Lupe truANT
701 Never Meant truANT
702 Rubber Mallet truANT
703 A 1000 Days truANT
704 Quiet truANT
705 These Days truANT
706 Drifting Apart truANT
707 Sarah Wynn truANT
708 Goodbye truANT
709 Glow truANT
710 SS Recognize truANT
711 Hope truANT
712 Good Life Underdog
713 Let My Love Open The Door Underdog
714 It's Over Underdog
715 Hands And Feet Underdog
716 Jesus Movement Underdog
717 It Is Well With My Soul Underdog
718 Mighty Good Leader Underdog
719 Get Down Underdog
720 Dc-10. Underdog
721 This Day Underdog
722 The Houseplant Song Underdog
723 Underdog Underdog
724 Chemical Addiction unknown
725 King Of The Kats unknown
726 Bleeder unknown
727 Love Song unknown
728 Sufragette City unknown
729 Cooking Wine unknown
730 For Your Lungs Only unknown
731 Goodbye Forever unknown
732 Sundials unknown
733 This Is Getting Over You unknown
734 Weak Week unknown
735 Lucky Smoke Rings unknown
736 The Pulse unknown
737 No More Lies unknown
738 Ninety-seven unknown
739 Fairytale Love Story unknown
740 I Lied My Face Off unknown
741 My Friend Peter unknown
742 Will I Ever unknown
743 Never Enough unknown
744 Snake Oil Tanker unknown
745 It's Whatever unknown
746 Not My Muse unknown
747 Little Shotgun unknown
748 Late Again unknown
749 Inevitable unknown
750 God Lives There unknown
751 Dare You To Kill Me unknown
752 Daffodil Or A Diamond? unknown
753 Can't Say Sorry unknown
754 Breathe In unknown
755 Pilot unknown
756 Push It All Aside unknown
757 Come Over unknown
758 You Got Nerve unknown
759 Valentines '98 unknown
760 What If unknown
761 The House That We Built unknown
762 That Other Girl unknown
763 Strange unknown
764 Still Life unknown
765 Sex Is On Everyone's Tongue unknown
766 Affected By You Not unknown
767 A Pretender Got My Heart unknown
768 Loose Rap unknown
769 Journey To The Past unknown
770 Are U Feelin' Me unknown
771 Are You That Somebody unknown
772 Come Back In One Piece unknown
773 Extra Smooth unknown
774 I Am Music unknown
775 I Can Be unknown
776 I Care 4 U unknown
777 Messed Up unknown
778 More Than A Woman unknown
779 5 Big Letters unknown
780 We Need A Resolution unknown
781 Try Again unknown
782 Those Were The Days unknown
783 The Thing I Like unknown
784 I Refuse unknown
785 Sexy Stylez unknown
786 Rock The Boat unknown
787 Read Between The Lines unknown
788 I Don't Wanna unknown
789 Maybe unknown
790 Lucky One unknown
791 Fairytales unknown
792 Never No More unknown
793 Celebrate Our Love unknown
794 Fallin(remix) Feat.busta Rymes And Rampage unknown
795 Fight unknown
796 Dah Dee Dah (sexy Thing) unknown
797 You Don't Know My Name unknown
798 I Can See It In Your Eyes unknown
799 Down To The River To Pray unknown
800 Better Off Alone unknown
801 Got To Get Away unknown
802 Back In My Life unknown
803 Alice Deejay unknown
804 Sludge Factory Unplugged
805 No Excuses Unplugged
806 Brother Unplugged
807 Nutshell Unplugged
808 Down In A Hole Unplugged
809 Got Me Wrong Unplugged
810 Angry Chair Unplugged
811 The Killer Is Me Unplugged
812 Rooster Unplugged
813 Frogs Unplugged
814 Over Now Unplugged
815 Would? Unplugged
816 Heaven Beside You Unplugged
817 Years Ago Welcome To My Nightmare
818 Cold Ethyl Welcome To My Nightmare
819 Welcome To My Nightmare Welcome To My Nightmare
820 Only Women Bleed Welcome To My Nightmare
821 Department Of Youth Welcome To My Nightmare
822 Devil's Food Welcome To My Nightmare
823 The Black Widow (featuring Vincent Price) Welcome To My Nightmare
824 Butterflies White Lilies Island
825 Come September White Lilies Island
826 Hurricane White Lilies Island
827 Everything Goes White Lilies Island
828 Do You Love? White Lilies Island
829 Sunlight White Lilies Island
830 Beauty On The Fire White Lilies Island
831 Wrong Impression White Lilies Island
832 Talk In Tongues White Lilies Island
833 That Day (Moment Of Clarity) White Lilies Island
834 Back In My life Who Needs Guitars Anyway?
835 Better Off Alone Who Needs Guitars Anyway?
836 Will I Ever Who Needs Guitars Anyway?
837 Ocean Floor Radio Remix Worldwide
838 Worldwide: One Worldwide
839 Church Punks Worldwide
840 Go And Be Worldwide
841 Dirty Worldwide
842 Pierced Worldwide
843 Strong Worldwide
844 Pour Your Love Down Worldwide
845 Leaving Ninety-Nine Worldwide
846 Miracle Worldwide
847 Worldwide: Two Worldwide
848 Start A Fire Worldwide
849 Killer You Drive Me Nervous
850 Dead Babies You Drive Me Nervous
851 Desperedo You Drive Me Nervous
852 You Drive Me Nervous You Drive Me Nervous

Who is Ali


Aged about eleven,[2] Ali was among the first to accept Muhammad's teachings and profess Islam. Ali did so either after Khadija or after Khadija and Muhammad's successor, Abu Bakr. While, the precise order here is debated among Shia and Sunni scholars,[6] the earliest sources place Ali before Abu Bakr.[2] Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali assiduously supported the small Muslim community, especially the poor.[4] Some three years after his first revelation,[7] Muhammad gathered his relatives for a feast, invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance.[8] Aged about fourteen,[8][9] Ali was the only relative there who offered his support, after which Muhammad told his guests that Ali was his brother and his successor,[2][8] according to the Sunni historian al-Tabari (d. 923). The Shia interpretation of this episode is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor.[8][10] Companionship of Muhammad See also: Laylat al-Mabit, Event of the mubahala, Military career of Ali, Hadith of the position, and Ghadir Khumm When tipped off about an assassination plot in 622, Muhammad escaped to Yathrib, now known as Medina, but Ali stayed behind as his decoy.[4][11] That Ali risked his life for Muhammad is said to be the reason for the revelation of the Quranic passage, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God."[12][13][3] This emigration marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar (AH). Ali too escaped Mecca after returning the goods entrusted to Muhammad there.[6] Later in Medina, Muhammad selected Ali as his brother when he paired Muslims for fraternity pacts.[14] Around 623–625, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage,[15][16] aged about twenty-two at the time.[4] Muhammad had earlier turned down marriage proposals for Fatima by some of his companions, notably, Abu Bakr and Umar.[17][16][18] Event of the mubahala Main article: Event of the mubahala Muhammad and Ali, a folio from the fifteenth century Iranian epic Khavarannama A Christian envoy from Najran, located in South Arabia, arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad.[19][20] The envoy also debated with Muhammad the nature of Jesus, human or divine.[21][22] Linked to this episode is verse 3:61 of the Quran,[23] which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to mubahala (lit. 'mutual cursing'),[24] perhaps when their debate had reached a deadlock.[22] Even though the delegation ultimately withdrew from the challenge,[20] Muhammad appeared for the occasion of mubahala, accompanied by Ali, his wife Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.[25][14] The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the mubahala ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors,[26][27] likely raised their religious rank within the community.[21][28] If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.[29][30]The topmost Arabic text reads, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword except Zulfiqar" Political career In Medina, Ali acted as Muhammad's secretary and deputy.[31][6] He was also one of the scribes tasked with committing the Quran to writing.[4] In 628, Ali wrote down the terms of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya, the peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. In 630, divine orders pushed Muhammad to replace Abu Bakr with Ali for a key Quranic announcement in Mecca,[32][33] according to the canonical Sunni source Sunan al-Nasa'i.[3] Ali also helped ensure that the Conquest of Mecca in 630 was bloodless and later destroyed the idols housed in Ka'ba.[4] In 631, Ali was sent to preach Islam in Yemen,[4] as a consequence of which the Hamdanids peacefully converted.[11][3] Ali also peacefully resolved a blood feud between Muslims and the Banu Jadhima.[3] Military career Main article: Military career of Ali Zulfiqar with and without its shield, carved on Bab al-Nasr in Cairo, Egypt Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military missions except the Expedition of Tabuk in 630, during which Ali was left behind in charge of Medina.[11] The hadith of the position is linked to this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?" This statement appears in the canonical Sunni sources Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, among others.[34] For the Shia, this hadith signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad.[35] In the absence of Muhammad, Ali commanded the expedition to Fadak in 628.[6][4] Ali in the Battle of Khaybar Ali was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield,[14][6] and for his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.[36] He was the standard-bearer in the Battle of Badr (624) and the Battle of Khaybar (628).[31] He vigorously defended Muhammad in the Battle of Uhud (625) and the Battle of Hunayn (630),[14][4] and Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar has been attributed to his courage,[6] where he is said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort.[14] Ali also defeated the pagan champion Amr ibn Abd Wudd in the Battle of the Trench in 627.[3] According to al-Tabari,[3] Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice at Uhud, "[There is] no sword but Zulfiqar [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth (fata) but Ali."[33][4] Ali and another companion, Zubayr, apparently oversaw the killing of the Banu Qurayza men for treachery in 626–627,[6] though the historicity of this account has been doubted.[37][38][39] Ghadir Khumm The Investiture of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, 1307–8 Ilkhanid manuscript illustration) On his return trip from the Hajj pilgrimage in 632, Muhammad halted the large caravan of pilgrims at the Ghadir Khumm and addressed them after the congregational prayer.[40] After the prayer,[41] Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the Quran and his ahl al-bayt (lit. 'people of the house', his family).[42][43][44][45] Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not awla (lit. 'have more authority over' or 'closer to') the believers than themselves,[45][46] this is evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Quran.[47][48] When they affirmed,[45] Muhammad then declared, "He whose mawla I am, Ali is his mawla."[49][45] Musnad Ibn Hanbal, a canonical Sunni source, adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four more times and that Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon, "You have now become the mawla of every faithful man and woman."[50][44] Muhammad had earlier alerted Muslims about his impending death.[51][42][52] Shia sources describe the event in greater detail, linking the announcement to verses 5:3 and 5:67 of the Quran.[51] The authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested,[45][53][54][42] as its "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" reports in classical Islamic sources.[55] However, mawla is a polysemous Arabic word and its interpretation in the context of the Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret mawla as 'leader', 'master', and 'patron', [56] while Sunni sources interpret it as love or support for Ali.[4][57] Shias, therefore, view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority,[58][59][3] while Sunnis regard it as a statement about the rapport between the two men,[4][42][60] or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.[4] Shias point to the extraordinary nature of the announcement,[57] give Quranic and textual evidence,[61][51][42] and argue to eliminate other meanings of mawla in the hadith except for authority,[62] while Sunnis minimize the importance of the Ghadir Khumm by casting it as a simple response to earlier complaints about Ali.[63] During his caliphate, Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm,[64][65][66] presumably to counter challenges to his legitimacy.[67] Life under Rashidun Caliphs See also: Succession to Muhammad, Saqifa, Attack on Fatima's house, Fadak, Sermon of Fadak, Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance, Burial of Fatima, Sunni view of Ali § Political views, Election of Uthman, Siege of Uthman, and Assassination of Uthman Succession to Muhammad Ambigram depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180-degree inverted form shows both words. Saqifa Muhammad died in 632 when Ali was in his early thirties.[68] As he and other close relatives prepared for the burial,[69][70] a group of the Ansar (Medinan natives, lit. 'helpers') gathered at the Saqifa to discuss the future of Muslims or to retake control of their city, Medina. Abu Bakr and Umar were among the few representatives of the Muhajirun (Meccan converts, lit. 'migrants') at the Saqifa.[71] The case of Ali was unsuccessfully brought up at the Saqifa in his absence,[72][73] and, ultimately, those present there appointed Abu Bakr to leadership after a heated debate that is said to have become violent.[74] Clan rivalries at the Saqifa played a key role in favor of Abu Bakr,[69][75] and the outcome may have been different in a broad council (shura) with Ali as a candidate.[76][77] In particular, the Quraysh tradition of hereditary succession strongly favored Ali,[78][79][80] even though his youth weakened his case.[6][68] By contrast, the succession (caliphate) of Abu Bakr is often justified on the basis that he led some of the prayers in Muhammad's final days,[69][81] but the veracity and political significance of such reports have been questioned.[69][82][83] Attack on Fatima's house While the appointment of Abu Bakr was met with little resistance in Medina,[81] the Banu Hashim and some companions of Muhammad soon gathered in protest at Ali's house.[84][85] Among them were Zubayr and Muhammad's uncle Abbas.[85] These protestors held Ali to be the rightful successor to Muhammad,[16][86] probably in reference to the Ghadir Khumm.[42] Among others,[87] al-Tabari reports that Umar then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters did not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.[88][16][89][90] The scene soon grew violent,[87][91] but the mob retreated after Ali's wife, Fatima, pleaded with them.[88] Abu Bakr later placed a successful boycott on the Banu Hashim,[92] who eventually abandoned their support for Ali.[92][93] Most likely, Ali himself did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatima died within six months of her father, Muhammad.[94] In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an attack on her house to subdue Ali by the order of Abu Bakr.[95][16][86] Sunnis categorically reject these reports,[96] but there is evidence in their early sources that a mob entered Fatima's house by force and arrested Ali,[97][98][99] an incident that Abu Bakr regretted on his deathbed.[100][101] Likely a political move to weaken the Banu Hashim,[102][103][104][105] Abu Bakr had earlier confiscated from Fatima the rich lands of Fadak, which she considered her inheritance (or a gift) from her father.[106][107] The confiscation of Fadak is often justified in Sunni sources with a hadith about prophetic inheritance, the authenticity of which has been doubted partly because it contradicts Quranic injunctions.[106][108] Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) In the absence of popular support, Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of Abu Bakr, probably for the sake of Muslim unity.[109][110][111] In particular, Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate.[112][6] He nevertheless viewed himself as the most qualified candidate for leadership by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.[113][114][115] Evidence suggests that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad.[116][65][117] Unlike Muhammad's lifetime,[118][119] Ali retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and his successors, Umar and Uthman.[4][118][14] Ali did not participate in the Ridda wars and the early Muslim conquests,[14] though he remained an advisor to Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters.,[4][14] However, their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented,[120][121][122] but largely ignored in Sunni sources.[123][124] These tensions were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.[119][118] In contrast, Shia sources view Ali's pledge to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency (taqiya).[125] The conflicts with Ali are probably magnified in Shia sources.[123] Caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644) Before his death in 634, Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor.[126] Ali was not consulted about this appointment, which was initially resisted by some senior companions.[127] Ali himself did not press any claims this time and kept aloof from public affairs during the caliphate of Umar,[128] who nevertheless consulted Ali in certain matters.[4][129] For instance, Ali is credited with the idea of adopting the migration to Medina (hijra) as the beginning of the Islamic calendar.[11] Yet Ali's political advice was probably ignored.[6] For example, Umar devised a state register (diwan) to distribute excess state revenues according to Islamic precedence,[130] but Ali held that those revenues should be equally distributed among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.[131][6] Ali was also absent from the strategic meeting of notables near Damascus.[6] Ali did not participate in Umar's military expeditions,[132][2] although he does not seem to have publicly objected to them.[2] Umar likely opposed the combination of prophethood and caliphate in the Banu Hashim,[133][134] and he thus prevented Muhammad from dictating his will on his deathbed,[43][135][136] possibly fearing that he might expressly designate Ali as his successor.[137] Nevertheless, perhaps realizing the necessity of Ali's cooperation in his collaborative scheme of governance, Umar made some limited overtures to Ali and the Banu Hashim during his caliphate.[138] For instance, Umar returned Muhammad's estates in Medina to Ali, but kept Fadak and Khayber.[139] By some accounts, Umar also insisted on marrying Ali's daughter Umm Kulthum, to which Ali reluctantly agreed when the former enlisted public support for his demand.[140] Election of Uthman (644) The election of Uthman, a folio from Tarikhnama Before his death in 644,[141] Umar tasked a small committee with choosing the next caliph among themselves.[142] Ali and Uthman were the strongest candidates in this committee,[143][144] whose members were all early companions of Muhammad from the Quraysh tribe.[142] Another member, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, was given the deciding vote either by the committee or by Umar.[145][146][147] After deliberations, Ibn Awf appointed his brother-in-law Uthman as the next caliph,[148][149] when the latter promised to follow the precedent of the first two caliphs.[148] By contrast, Ali rejected this condition,[148][147] or gave an evasive answer.[150] The Ansar were not represented in the committee,[151][146] which was evidently biased toward Uthman.[152][153][147] Both of these factors worked against Ali,[146][154][155] who could have not been simply excluded from the proceedings.[156] Caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656) Uthman was widely accused of nepotism,[157] corruption,[158][159] and injustice.[160] Ali too criticized Uthman's conduct,[6][2][161] including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen.[162][163] Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as Abu Dharr and Ammar,[164][165] and overall acted as a restraining influence on Uthman.[164] Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition movement,[166][167] joined in their efforts by Talha and Zubayr, both senior companions of Muhammad, and by his widow Aisha.[168][169][166] Among such supporters of Ali were Malik al-Ashtar and other religiously learned qurra (lit. 'Quran readers').[170][163] These supporters wanted to see Ali as the next caliph but there is no evidence that he coordinated with them.[171] Ali also rejected the requests to lead the rebels,[6][172] although he probably sympathized with their grievances.[173][172] He was therefore considered a natural focus for the opposition,[174] at least morally.[6] Assassination of Uthman (656) As their grievances mounted, provincial dissidents poured into Medina in 656.[14] The Egyptian opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to negotiate with Uthman.[175][176] Ali similarly asked the Iraqi opposition to refrain from violence, which they heeded.[177] He also repeatedly mediated between Uthman and the dissidents,[14][178][179] to address their economical and political grievances.[180][14] In particular, Ali negotiated and guaranteed the agreement that ended the first siege.[181][14] He then convinced Uthman to publicly repent,[182] but the caliph soon retracted his statement, possibly pressed by his secretary Marwan ibn al-Hakam.[183] Egyptian rebels laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time when they intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They demanded the caliph's abdication but he refused and maintained his innocence about the letter,[184] for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources.[185][186] Ali also sided with Uthman,[184] but the caliph apparently accused him about the letter.[187] This is probably when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman,[184][174] who was assassinated soon afterward by Egyptian rebels.[185][188][189] Ali played no role in the deadly attack,[6][190] and his son Hasan was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali.[4][191][166] He also convinced the rebels to deliver water to Uthman's house during the siege.[184][164] Caliphate See also: Election of Ali to the caliphate, Administrative policies of Ali, Battle of the Camel, Battle of Siffin, Kharijites, Battle of Nahrawan, and Second Syria campaign of Ali Election (656) Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, from a manuscript of Maktel-i Ali resul, dated late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. When Uthman was assassinated in 656 by Egyptian rebels,[185] the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. The Umayyads had fled Medina, leaving the provincial rebels and the Ansar in control of the city. Among the Egyptians, Talha enjoyed some support, but the Iraqis and most of the Ansar supported Ali.[109] The majority of the Muhajirun,[14][172][192] and key tribal figures also favored Ali at this time.[193] The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who, after some hesitation,[172][14][2] publicly took the oath of office.[194][195][196] Malik al-Ashtar might have been the first to pledge his allegiance to Ali.[196] Talha and Zubayr, who both aspired to the caliphate,[197][198] also gave their pledges to Ali, most likely willingly,[2][199][191] but later broke their oaths.[200][2][201] Ali probably did not force anyone to pledge,[194] and there is little evidence of any violence, even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress.[202] At the same time, the supporters, who were in majority in Medina, might have intimidated others.[203] Legitimacy Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, same source Ali thus filled the power vacuum created by the regicide.[204][178][205] His election, irregular and without a council,[109] faced little public opposition in Medina,[190][206][204] but the rebels' support for him left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination.[6] Even though underprivileged groups readily rallied around Ali,[207][197] he had limited support among the powerful Quraysh, some of whom aspired to caliphate.[208][109] Within the Quraysh, two camps opposed Ali: the Umayyads, who believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, and those who wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the same principles laid by Abu Bakr and Umar. This second group was likely the majority within the Quraysh.[200][190] Ali was indeed vocal about the divine prerogative of Muhammad's kin to leadership,[209][210] which would have jeopardized the political ambitions of the rest of the Quraysh.[211] Administrative policies Arab–Sasanian coinage minted in Bishapur during the caliphate of Ali contains both Arabic and Sasanian symbols (image of the crowned Khosrow II, holy fire center, and crescent-star, bismillah in Arabic on margin).[212] Justice The caliphate of Ali was characterized by his strict justice.[213][214][14] He implemented radical policies to restore his vision of prophetic governance,[215][216][217] and dismissed nearly all of Uthman's governors,[208] whom he considered corrupt.[218] Ali also distributed the treasury funds equally among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad,[219] and is said to have shown zero tolerance for corruption.[220][221] Some of those affected by Ali's egalitarian policies soon revolted against him under the pretext of revenge for Uthman.[222] Among them was Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria.[167] Ali has therefore been criticized by some for political naivety and excessive rigorism,[6][223] and praised by others for righteousness and lack of political expediency.[222][217] His supporters identify similar decisions of Muhammad,[224][225] and argue that Islam never allows for compromising on a just cause, citing verse 68:9 of the Quran,[225] "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise."[226][227] Some instead suggest that Ali's decisions were actually justified on a practical level.[195][228][14] For instance, the removal of unpopular governors was perhaps the only option available to Ali because injustice was the main grievance of the rebels.[195] Religious authority As evident from his public speeches,[229] Ali viewed himself not only as the temporal leader of the Muslim community but also as its exclusive religious authority.[230][231] He thus laid claim to the religious authority to interpret the Quran and Sunna.[232][233] Some supporters of Ali indeed held him as their divinely-guided leader who deserved the same type of loyalty that Muhammad did.[234] They felt an absolute and all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty (walaya) to Ali that transcended politics.[235] For instance, many of them publicly offered Ali their unconditional support circa 658.[236][237] They justified their absolute loyalty to Ali on the basis of his merits, precedent in Islam,[238] his kinship with Muhammad,[239] and also the announcement by the latter at the Ghadir Khumm.[235] Many of these supporters also viewed Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad after his death,[240] as evidenced in the poetry from that period, for instance.[241][242] Fiscal policies Ali opposed centralized control over provincial revenues.[193] He equally distributed excess taxes and booty among Muslims,[193][6] following the precedent of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.[243][219] In comparison, Umar had distributed the state revenues according to perceived Islamic merit,[244][245] and Uthman was widely accused of nepotism and corruption.[157][246][158] The strictly egalitarian policies of Ali earned him the support of underprivileged groups, including the Ansar, the qurra, and the late immigrants to Iraq.[207] By contrast, Talha and Zubayr were both Qurayshite companions of Muhammad who had amassed immense wealth under Uthman.[247] They both revolted against Ali when he refused to grant them favors.[248][219] Some other figures among the Quraysh similarly turned against Ali,[249][250] who even withheld public funds from his relatives,[251][252] whereas his archenemy Mu'awiya readily offered bribes.[250][253] Ali instructed his officials to collect tax payments on a voluntary basis and without harassment, and to prioritize the poor when distributing public funds.[254] A letter attributed to Ali directs his governor to pay more attention to land development than taxation.[255][256] Rules of war During the Muslim civil war, Ali forbade his soldiers from looting,[257][258] and instead paid them from tax revenues.[257] He also pardoned his enemies in victory.[258][259] Both of these practices were later enshrined in Islamic law.[258] Ali also advised his commander al-Ashtar not to reject any calls to peace, not to violate any agreements,[260] and ordered him not to commence hostilities.[261] Ali similarly barred his troops from disturbing civilians,[262] killing the wounded and those who fled, mutilating the dead, entering homes without permission, looting, and harming women.[263] He prevented the enslavement of women in victory, even though some protested.[6] Before the Battle of Siffin with Mu'awiya, Ali did not retaliate and allowed his enemies to access drinking water when he gained the upper hand.[264][265] Battle of the Camel Battle of the Camel, from a manuscript of Siyer-i nebi Aisha publicly campaigned against Ali immediately after his accession.[266][208] She was joined in Mecca by her close relatives, Talha and Zubayr,[267] who thus broke their earlier oaths of allegiance to Ali.[200][2][201] This opposition demanded the punishment of Uthman's assassins,[268][178] and accused Ali of complicity in the assassination.[178][200][14] They also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a Qurayshite council to appoint his successor.[208][269] Their primary goal was likely the removal of Ali, rather than vengeance for Uthman,[269][270][271] against whom the triumvirate had stirred up public opinion.[191][272][273] The opposition failed to gain enough traction in Hejaz,[14][6] and instead captured Basra in Iraq,[2][14] killing many there. Ali raised an army from nearby Kufa,[191][274] which formed the core of Ali's forces in the coming battles.[274] The two armies soon camped just outside of Basra,[275][14] both probably numbered around ten thousand men.[276] After three days of failed negotiations,[277] the two sides readied for battle.[277][14][2] Account of the battle The battle took place in December 656.[278][279] The rebels commenced hostilities,[191][280] and Aisha was present on the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red camel, after which the battle is named.[281][282] Talha was soon killed by another rebel, Marwan, the secretary of Uthman.[283][284] Zubayr, an experienced fighter, deserted shortly after the battle had begun,[280][191] but was pursued and killed.[280][191] His desertion suggests he had serious moral misgivings about their cause.[285][191] Ali won the day,[191][286][195] and Aisha was respectfully escorted back to Hejaz.[287][191][278] Ali then announced a public pardon,[288] setting free all war prisoners, even Marwan,[289][287] and prohibiting the enslavement of their women. Their seized properties were also returned.[290] Ali then stationed himself in Kufa,[291] which thus became his de facto capital.[278][271] Battle of Siffin Map of the First Fitna; green territory under Ali's control; pink territory under Mu'awiya's control. Combat between the forces of Ali and Mu'awiya during the Battle of Siffin, from the Tarikhnama Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, was deemed corrupt and unfit by Ali,[218] who wrote to and removed him from his post.[292][293][294] In turn, Mu'awiya, as Uthman's cousin, launched a propaganda campaign across Syria, blaming Ali for the regicide and calling for revenge.[295][296][297] Mu'awiya also joined forces with Amr ibn al-As,[298] a military strategist,[299] who pledged to back the Umayyads against Ali in return for life-long governorship of Egypt.[300] Yet Mu'awiya also secretly offered to recognize the caliphate of Ali in return for Syria and Egypt,[301] which Ali rejected.[302] Mu'awiya then formally declared war, charging Ali with regicide, demanding his removal, and a Syrian council thereafter to elect the next caliph.[303] Contemporary authors tend to view Mu'awiya's call for revenge as a pretext for a power grab.[304][231][305][306][307][308] Account of the battle In the summer of 657, the armies of Ali and Mu'awiya camped at Siffin, west of the Euphrates River,[309] numbering perhaps at 100,000 and 130,000, respectively.[310] Many of Muhammad's companions were present in Ali's army, whereas Mu'awiya could only boast a handful.[214][310] The two sides negotiated for a while, to no avail,[178][311][14][312][313] after which the main battle took place from Wednesday, 26 July 657,[308][304] until Friday or Saturday morning.[314][311] Ali probably refrained from initiating hostilities,[195] and later fought alongside his men on the frontline, whereas Mu'awiya led from his pavilion,[315][316] and rejected a proposal to settle the matters in a personal duel with Ali.[317][308][318] Among those killed fighting for Ali was Ammar.[316] In canonical Sunni sources, a prophetic hadith predicts Ammar's death at the hands of al-fi'a al-baghiya (lit. 'rebellious aggressive group') who call to hellfire.[319][310][311] Call to arbitration Fighting stopped when some Syrians raised pages of the Quran on their lances, shouting, "Let the Book of God be the judge between us."[320][311] Since Mu'awiya had for long insisted on battle, this call for arbitration suggests that he now feared defeat.[320][178][321] By contrast, Ali exhorted his men to fight, telling them that raising Qurans was for deception, but to no avail.[320][308] Through their representatives, the qurra and the ridda tribesmen of Kufa,[322][312][311] the largest bloc in Ali's army,[14][312] both threatened Ali with mutiny if he did not answer the Syrians' call.[320][14][323][324] Facing strong peace sentiments in his army, Ali accepted the arbitration proposal,[325] most likely against his own judgment.[311][325] Arbitration agreement Mu'awiya now proposed that representatives from both sides should find a Quranic resolution.[14][326] Mu'awiya was represented by his ally Amr,[327] whereas, despite Ali's opposition, the majority in his camp pressed for the neutral Abu Musa, the erstwhile governor of Kufa.[328][311][329] The arbitration agreement was written and signed on 2 August 657,[330] stipulating that the two representatives should meet on neutral territory,[331] adhere to the Quran and Sunna, and restore peace.[330][304] Both armies left the battlefield after the agreement.[332] The arbitration agreement thus divided Ali's camp, as many did not support his negotiations with Mu'awiya, whose claims they considered fraudulent. By contrast, the agreement strengthened Mu'awiya's position, who was now an equal contender for the caliphate.[333] Formation of the Kharijites The Nahrawan Canal ran parallel to the east bank of the Tigris Some of Ali's men left him in protest to the arbitration agreement.[332][195] Many of them eventually rejoined Ali,[334][335][336][6] while the rest gathered in the town of al-Nahrawan.[195] They became known as the Kharijites (lit. 'seceders'), who later took up arms against Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan.[337][338][14] The Kharijites, many of whom belonged to the qurra,[339] were likely disillusioned with the arbitration process.[340][14] Their slogan was, "No judgment but that of God,"[304] highlighting their rejection of arbitration (by men) in reference to the Quranic verse 49:9.[341] Ali called this slogan a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood because he viewed the ruler as indispensable in the conduct of religion.[342] Arbitration proceedings The two arbitrators met together in Dumat al-Jandal,[343] perhaps in February 658.[14] There they reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge.[344][345][14] They could not agree on anything else.[346] Rather than a judicial ruling, this was a political concession by Abu Musa, who probably hoped that Amr would later reciprocate this gesture.[346] Ali denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began organizing a second Syria campaign.[347][6] Solely an initiative of Mu'awiya,[344] there was also a second meeting in Udhruh.[344][195] The negotiations there also failed,[347] as the two arbitrators could not agree on the next caliph: Amr supported Mu'awiya,[14] while Abu Musa nominated his son-in-law Abd Allah ibn Umar,[14][133] who stood down.[14][348] At its closure, Abu Musa publicly deposed both Mu'awiya and Ali and called for a council to appoint his successor per earlier agreements with Amr. When Amr took the stage, however, he deposed Ali and appointed Mu'awiya as his successor.[133][349][14] The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions,[347] and the common view is that the arbitration failed,[344][328] or was inconclusive.[350][334][351] It nevertheless strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali.[344][352][214][14][353] Battle of Nahrawan Battle of Nahrawan, a folio from a manuscript of Maqtel-i Ali resul, late sixteenth or early seventeenth century After the arbitration, Mu'awiya received the Syrians' pledge as caliph.[354] Ali then organized a new, much smaller,[14] Syria campaign.[336][133][355] But he postponed the expedition,[356] and instead marched to Nahrawan with his army,[356] when he learned that the Kharijites were interrogating and executing civilians.[357][358] They killed many, apparently not even sparing women.[337] Ali convinced many of the Kharijites to separate from their army, leaving about 1,500–1,800, or 2,800, out of about 4,000 fighters.[359][360] The rest of the Kharijites then attacked and were crushed by Ali's army of about 14,000 men.[361][360] The battle took place either on 17 July 658,[362][336] or in 657.[363][362] Ali has been criticized by some for killing his erstwhile allies,[364][365][366] many of whom were outwardly pious Muslims. For others, subduing the Kharijites was necessary, for they were violent and radicalized rebels who posed a danger to Ali's base in Kufa.[367][368][328][369] Final years Following the Battle of Nahrawan, Ali could not muster enough support for a second Syria campaign.[370][366] Perhaps his soldiers were demoralized,[365] or perhaps they were recalled by their tribal leaders,[371][372] many of whom had been bribed and swayed by Mu'awiya.[373][372][365] By contrast, Ali did not grant any financial favors to tribal chiefs as a matter of principle.[249][250] At any rate, the secession of so many of the qurra and the coolness of the tribal leaders weakened Ali.[371][178][374] Ali consequently lost Egypt to Mu'awiya in 658.[349][375] Mu'awiya also began dispatching military detachments,[349] which targeted civilians along the Euphrates river, near Kufa, and most successfully, in the Hejaz and Yemen.[376] Ali could not mount a timely response to these assaults.[6] He eventually found sufficient support for a second Syria offensive, set to commence in late winter 661. His success was in part due to the public outrage over Syrian raids.[377] However, plans for a second campaign were abandoned after the assassination of Ali.[378] Assassination and burial Main articles: Assassination of Ali, Imam Ali Shrine, and Mausoleum of Imam Ali .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}The Great Mosque of Kufa in Kufa, Iraq, where Ali was assassinatedImam Ali Shrine in Najaf, near Kufa, where Ali is believed to be buriedHazrat Ali Mazar, also called Rawz-e-Sharif, in Mazar-i Sharif, Afghanistan, where some claim Ali is buried. Ali was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 (19 Ramadan 40 AH) at the Great Mosque of Kufa. The other given dates are 26 and 30 January. He was struck over his head by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam with a poison-coated sword,[379] in revenge for their defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan.[380] Ali died from his wounds about two days later, aged sixty-two or sixty-three. By some accounts, he had long known about his fate by premonition or through Muhammad.[379] Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljam or his pardon. At any rate, Ibn Muljam was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali.[379] Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali's burial place was kept a secret and remains uncertain.[6] Several sites are mentioned as containing Ali's remains, including the shrine of Ali in Najaf and the shrine of Ali in Mazar.[381] The former site was identified during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and the town of Najaf developed around it, which has become a major destination for Shia pilgrimage.[6] The present shrine was built by the Safavid monarch Safi (r. 1629–1642),[382] near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wished to be buried next to their imam.[6] Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars.[6][2] Other sites for Ali's burial are claimed to be Baghdad, Damascus, Medina, Ray while a minority of Shias believe it be somewhere in the city of Kufa.[381] Succession Main articles: Hasan ibn Ali and Hasan–Muawiya treaty See also: Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali When Ali died, his son Hasan was acknowledged as the next caliph in Kufa.[360][383] As Ali's legatee, Hasan was the obvious choice for the Kufans, especially because Ali was vocal about the exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to leadership.[384][383] Most surviving companions of Muhammad were in Ali's army, and they also pledged their allegiance to Hasan,[385][386] but overall the Kufans' support for Hasan was likely weak.[387][388] Hasan later abdicated in August 661 to Mu'awiya when the latter marched on Iraq with a large force.[387][388] Mu'awiya thus founded the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate. Throughout his reign, he persecuted the family and supporters of Ali,[389][390] and mandated regular public cursing of Ali.[389][391] Descendants of Ali Main article: AlidsSee also: Muhsin ibn Ali, Hasanids, Husaynids, Twelvers, Isma'ilism, Kaysanites, and Zaydism The first marriage of Ali was to Fatima, who bore him three sons, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhsin.[390] Muhsin either died in infancy,[16] or Fatima miscarried him when she was injured in a raid on her house during the succession crisis.[95] The descendants of Hasan and Husayn are known as the Hasanids and the Husaynids, respectively.[392] As the progeny of Muhammad, they are honored in Muslim communities by nobility titles such as sharif and sayyid.[4] Ali and Fatima also had two daughters, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum.[393] After Fatima's death in 632, Ali remarried multiple times and had more children, including Muhammad al-Awsat and Abbas ibn Ali.[393] In his life, Ali fathered seventeen daughters, and eleven, fourteen, or eighteen sons,[390] among whom, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya played a historical role.[6] Descendants of Ali are known as the Alids.[392] Under the Umayyads (661–750) Mu'awiya succeeded Ali in 661 and founded the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate,[394] during which Alids were severely persecuted.[393] After Ali, his followers (shi'a) recognized his eldest son Hasan as their imam. When he died in 670, likely poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya,[395][394][396] the Shia community followed Hasan's younger brother Husayn, who was killed by Umayyad forces in the Battle of Karbala in 680, alongside many of his relatives.[392] To revenge the Karbala massacre, soon followed in 685 the Shia uprising of al-Mukhtar, who claimed to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya.[392] The main movements that followed this uprising were the now-extinct Kaysanites and the Imamites.[397] The Kaysanites mostly followed Abu Hashim, the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group largely aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas.[392][398] On the other hand, the Imamites were led by quiescent descendants of Husayn, through his only surviving son, Ali Zayn al-Abidin (d. 713). An exception was Ali's son Zayd, who led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740.[392] For his followers, known as the Zaydites, any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny qualified as imam.[399] Under the Abbasids (750–1258) Alids were also persecuted under the Abbasids, who toppled the Umayyads in 750.[392][400] Some of the Alids thus revolted,[390] while some established regional dynasties in remote areas.[392][401] In particular, through imprisonment or surveillance, the Abbasids removed the imams of the Imamites from public life,[402][403] and they are thought to be responsible for the imams' deaths.[404][405] Mainstream Imamites were the antecedents of the Twelvers,[406] who believe that their twelfth and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, was born around 868,[407] but was hidden from the public in 874 for fear of persecution. He remains in occultation by divine will until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil.[408][409] The only historic split among the Imamites happened when their sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, died in 765.[392][406] Some claimed that his designated successor was his son Isma'il, who had predeceased al-Sadiq. These were the antecedents of the Isma'ilites,[392] who found political success at the turn of the tenth century,[410] as the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and the Qarmatians in Bahrain.[411] Works Main articles: Nahj al-balagha, Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar, Ghurar al-hikam, Mushaf of Ali, and Kitab Ali See also: Shaqshaqiya sermon, al-Jafr (book), and Du'a Kumayl Folio from an old manuscript of Nahj al-balagha, circa 1150 CE Most of the works attributed to Ali were first delivered as speeches and later committed to writing by others. There are also supplications, such as Du'a Kumayl, which he may have taught others.[2] Nahj al-balagha Nahj al-balagha (lit. 'the path of eloquence') is an eleventh-century collection of sermons, letters, and sayings, all attributed to Ali, compiled by Sharif al-Radi (d. 1015), a prominent Twelver scholar.[412][413] Because of its sometimes sensitive content, the authenticity of Nahj al-balagha has long been polemically debated. However, by tracking its content in earlier sources, recent academic research has attributed most of Nahj al-balagha to Ali.[414][415] The book, particularly its letter of instructions addressed at al-Ashtar,[2] has served as an ideological basis for Islamic governance.[413] The book also includes detailed discussions about social responsibilities, emphasizing that greater responsibilities result in greater rights.[413] Nahj al-balagha also contains sensitive material, such as sharp criticism of Ali's predecessors in its Shaqshaqiya sermon,[2] and disapproval of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had revolted against Ali.[412][416] Celebrated as an example of the most eloquent Arabic,[2] Nahj al-balagha has significantly influenced the Arabic literature and rhetoric.[414] Numerous commentaries have been written about the book, including the comprehensive work of the Mu'tazilite scholar Ibn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258).[2] Ghurar al-hikam Folio from an old manuscript of Ghurar al-hikam Ghurar al-hikam wa durar al-kalim (lit. 'exalted aphorisms and pearls of speech') was compiled by Abd al-Wahid al-Amidi (d. 1116), who was either a Shafi'i jurist or a Twelver scholar. The book contains thousands of short sayings of Ali on piety and ethics.[417][2] These aphorisms and other works attributed to Ali have considerably influenced the Islamic mysticism.[418] Mushaf of Ali The first three verses of the Surah al-buruj (85:1–3) in what might be a folio from the Mushaf of Ali in the library of the Imam Ali shrine, Najaf, Iraq Mushaf of Ali is a recension of the Quran compiled by Ali, who was one of its first scribes.[419] By some Shia accounts, this codex (mushaf) of Ali was rejected for official use during the succession crisis.[420] Some early Shia traditions also suggest differences with the standard Uthmanid codex,[421] although now the prevalent Shia view is that Ali's recension matches the Uthmanid codex, save for the order of its content.[422] Ali's codex is said to be in the possession of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who would reveal the codex (and its authoritative commentary by Ali) when he reappears.[423][408] Kitab Ali Kitab Ali (lit. 'book of Ali') is a non-extant collection of prophetic sayings gathered by Ali. The book may have concerned matters of lawfulness (halal) and unlawfulness (haram), including a detailed penal code. Kitab Ali is also often linked to al-Jafr, which is said to contain the esoteric teachings of Muhammad for his household.[424][425] Copies of Kitab Ali were likely available until the early eighth century, and parts of it have survived in later Shia and Sunni works.[426] Other works The Du'a' Kumayl is a popular Shia supplication attributed to Ali, transmitted by his companion, Kumayl ibn Ziyad.[2] Also attributed to Ali is Kitab al-Diyat on Islamic law, fully quoted in the Shia hadith collection Man la yahduruhu al-faqih.[427] The judicial decisions and executive orders of Ali during his caliphate have also been recorded.[428] Other extant works attributed to Ali are collected in Kitab al-Kafi and other Shia sources.[2] Contributions to Islamic sciences Main article: Ali and Islamic sciences The standard recitation of the Quran has been traced back to Ali,[429][430][214] and his written legacy is dotted with Quranic commentaries.[426] Ibn Abbas, a leading early exegete, credited Ali with his interpretations of the Quran.[431] Ali also related several hundred prophetic hadiths.[426] He is further credited with the first systematic evaluations of hadiths, and is often considered a founding figure for hadith sciences.[426] Ali is also regarded by some as the founder of Islamic theology, and his sayings contain the first rational proofs of the unity of God (tawhid) in Islam.[432][33] In later Islamic philosophy, Ali's sayings and sermons were mined for metaphysical knowledge.[4] In particular, Nahj al-balagha is a vital source for Shia philosophical doctrines, after the Quran and Sunna.[433] As a Shia imam, statements and practices attributed to Ali are widely studied in Shia Islam, where they are viewed as the continuation of prophetic teachings.[426] Names and titles See also: Abu TurabMirror writing of "Ali is the vicegerent of God" (Ottoman, circa 1720–1730) Ali is known by many honorifics in the Islamic tradition, some of which are especially used by Shias.[4] His main kunya (teknonym) was ʾAbū al-Ḥasan ("father of al-Hasan").[434][4] His titles include al-Murtaḍā (lit. 'one with whom [God] is pleased' or 'one who is chosen and contented'),[434][4] Asad Allāh (lit. 'lion of God'),[435] Ḥaydar (lit. 'lion', the name initially her mother gave him),[434] Amīr al-Muʾminīn (lit. 'commander of the faithful' or 'prince of the faithful'), and Imām al-Muttaqin (lit. 'leader of the God-fearing').[434][4] In particular, Twelvers consider the title of Amir al-Mu'minin to be unique to Ali.[436] He is also referred to as Abū Turāb (lit. 'father of dust'),[4] which might have initially been a pejorative by his enemies.[6] Character Ali's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr, Cairo Often praised for his piety and courage,[214][437][6] Ali fought to uphold his beliefs,[6][438] but was also magnanimous in victory,[439][214] even risking the ire of some supporters to prevent the enslavement of women.[6] He also showed his grief, wept for the dead, and reportedly prayed over his enemies.[6] Yet Ali has also been criticized for his idealism and political inflexibility,[6][223] for his egalitarian policies and strict justice antagonized many.[440][222] Or perhaps these qualities were also present in Muhammad,[225][224] whom the Quran addresses as, "They wish that thou [Muhammad] might compromise and that they might compromise."[441] At any rate, these qualities of Ali, rooted in his religious beliefs, contributed to his image today for his followers as a paragon of Islamic virtues,[6][442][440] particularly justice.[3] Ali is also viewed as the model par excellence for Islamic chivalry (futuwwa).[443][444][445] Historical accounts about Ali are often tendentious.[6] For instance, in person, Ali is described in some Sunni sources as bald, heavy-built, short-legged, with broad shoulders, hairy body, long white beard, and affected by eye inflammation.[6] Shia accounts about the appearance of Ali are markedly different. Those perhaps better match his reputation as a capable warrior.[446] Likewise, in manner, Ali is presented in some Sunni sources as rough, brusque, and unsociable.[6] By contrast, Shia sources describe him as generous, gentle, and cheerful,[444][3] to the point that the Syrian war propaganda accused him of frivolity.[220] Shia and Sufi sources are also replete with reports about his acts of kindness, especially to the poor.[447] The necessary qualities in a commander, described in a letter attributed to Ali, may have well been a portrait of himself: slow to anger, happy to pardon, kind to the weak, and severe with the strong.[448] His companion, Sa'sa'a ibn Suhan, described him similarly, "He [Ali] was amongst us as one of us, of gentle disposition, intense humility, leading with a light touch, even though we were in awe of him with the kind of awe that a bound prisoner has before one who holds a sword over his head."[3][448] Assessment and legacy Main articles: Ali in the Quran, Ali in hadith literature, Sunni view of Ali, and Shia view of Ali See also: Administrative policies of Ali, Druze, and Yarsanism AliGouache illustration of Ali (centre) and his sons, Hasan and Husayn, 1838, by an unknown painterCaliphImamVenerated inIslamBaháʼí FaithDruze FaithYarsanismMajor shrineImam Ali Shrine, Najaf In Islam Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Muslim culture.[14] Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims.[439] For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry.[442] In the Quran The verse of walaya, possibly the most controversial statement in the Quran linked to Ali, is engraved on the margins of this memorial stone, dating to the Seljuk era Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions which are commonly linked to Quranic injunctions.[449][450] For instance, the verse of walaya (5:55) is a reference to when Ali gave his ring to a beggar, while praying in the mosque, according to Shia and some Sunni accounts.[451] If so, then this verse gives Ali the same spiritual authority (walaya) as Muhammad.[452][453] In Shia sources, the verse of tabligh (5:67) spurred Muhammad to designate Ali as his successor at the Ghadir Khumm, while the verse of ikmal al-din (5:3) subsequently announced the perfection of Islam.[454] The verse of purification (33:33) concerns the status of purity of the Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'people of the house'), which is limited to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in Shia and some Sunni sources.[455][456][457] Another reference to the Ahl al-Bayt might be the verse of mawadda (42:23).[458][459][460] For Shias, this verse is a Quranic mandate to love and follow the Ahl al-Bayt.[461][458] In hadith literature Muhammad frequently praise the qualities of Ali. The most controversial such statement, "He whose mawla I am, Ali is his mawla," was delivered at the Ghadir Khumm. This gave Ali the same spiritual authority (walaya) as Muhammad, according to the Shia.[462] Elsewhere, the hadith of the position likens Muhammad and Ali to Moses and Aaron,[34] and thus supports the usurped right of Ali to succeed Muhammad in Shia Islam.[463] Other examples in standard Shia and Sunni collections of hadith include, "There is no youth braver than Ali," "No-one but a believer loves Ali, and no-one but a hypocrite (munafiq) hates Ali," "I am from Ali, and Ali is from me, and he is the wali (lit. 'patron' or 'guardian') of every believer after me," "The truth revolves around him [Ali] wherever he goes," "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate (bab)," "Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with Ali. They will not separate until they return to me at the [paradisal] pool."[464][33] In Sufism Ali is the common source of mystical and spiritual currents within both Sunni and Shia sects of Islam.[465][466] In particular, Ali is the spiritual head of some Sufi movements,[2] for Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad his esoteric knowledge and saintly authority,[4] which guide believers on their journey toward God.[2] Nearly all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being the Naqshbandis, who reach Muhammad through Abu Bakr.[4] In Sunni Islam The word 'Ali' in Arabic calligraphy, inscribed in Hagia Sophia, Turkey In Sunni Islam, Ali is venerated as a close companion of Muhammad,[467] a foremost authority on the Quran and Islamic law,[431][468] and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality.[465] When the prophet died in 632, Ali had his claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to the Ghadir Khumm,[110][42] but he eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs in the interest of Muslim unity.[469] Ali is portrayed in Sunni sources as a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs,[4][14] while their conflicts with Ali are minimized,[123][124] in line with the Sunni tendency to show accord among companions.[124][470][471] As the fourth and final Rashidun caliph, Ali holds a particularly high status in Sunni Islam, although this doctrinal reverence for Ali is a recent development for which the prominent Sunni traditionist Ibn Hanbal (d. 855) is likely to be credited.[2] Sunni hierarchy of companions places Ali below his three predecessors and above those who fought against him.[2][472][467] This ordering has required Sunni reinterpretation of those prophetic sayings that explicitly elevate Ali above all companions.[2] In Shia Islam Ali with his sons, nineteenth century Iranian tapestry Ali takes center stage in Shia Islam:[4] The Arabic word shi'a itself is short for 'shi'a of Ali' (lit. 'followers of Ali'),[473] his name is incorporated into the daily call to prayer (adhan),[4] and he is regarded as the foremost companion of Muhammad.[474][475] The defining doctrine of Shia Islam is that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad through divinely-ordained designation,[14][476] which is primarily a reference to the Ghadir Khumm.[477] Ali is thought to have inherited the political and religious authority of Muhammad, even before his ascension to the caliphate in 656.[478][479] In particular, Ali's predecessors are regarded as illegitimate rulers and usurpers of his rights.[14] The all-encompassing bond of loyalty between Shia Muslims and their imams (and Muhammad in his capacity as imam) is known as walaya.[235] Ali is also thought to be endowed with the privilege of intercession on the Judgment Day.[2] Early on, some Shias even attributed divinity to Ali,[14][474] but such extreme views were gradually rooted out of Shi'ism.[480] In Shia belief, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad,[3][481] for instance, in view of the prophetic hadith, "I [Muhammad] am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate."[3] Ali is thus regarded, after Muhammad, as the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran and the sole authoritative source of its (esoteric) teachings.[477] Unlike Muhammad, however, Ali is not thought to have received divine revelation (wahy), though he might have been guided by divine inspiration (ilham).[478][482] Verse 21:73 of the Quran is sometimes cited here, "We made them imams, guiding by Our command, and We revealed (awhayna') to them the performance of good deeds, the maintenance of prayers, and the giving of zakat (alms), and they used to worship Us."[483] Shia Muslims also believe in the infallibility of Ali, as with Muhammad, that is, their divine protection from sins.[2][484] Here, the verse of purification is sometimes cited.[485][486] Ali's words and deeds are therefore considered a model for the Shia community and a source for their religious injunctions.[487][488] In Alawism The Alawites venerate Ali, the first of the Twelve Imams, as the physical manifestation of God.[489][490] Even, the Alawite testimony of faith (shahada) translates as "there is no God but Ali".[491] The Alawite trinity envisions God as being composed of three distinct manifestations, Ma'na (meaning), Ism (Name) and Bab (Door); which together constitute an "indivisible trinity". Ma'na symbolises the "source and meaning of all things" in Alawite mythology. According to Alawite doctrines, Ma'na generated the Ism, which in turn built the Bab. These beliefs are closely tied to the Alawite doctrine of reincarnations of the trinity.[492][493] The final trinity of reincarnation in the Alawite trinity consists of Ali (Ma'na), Muhammad (Ism) and Salman the Persian (Bab). Alewites depict them as the sky, sun and moon respectively. Alawites deify Ali as the "last and supreme manifestation of God" who built the universe, attribute to him divine superiority, and believe that Ali created Muhammad and gave him the mission to spread Qur'anic teachings on earth.[494][495][492][496] In other religions In the Druze faith, Ali is considered a "minor prophet," like Plato and Socrates.[497] Even though the faith originally developed out of the Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam, the Druze are not Muslims,[498][499] and do not accept the five pillars of Islam.[499] In Yarsanism, a religion founded by the Kurdish mystic Sultan Sahak, Ali is thought to be an incarnation of God,[500] and superior to Muhammad,[500] but their image as a Ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators' or 'extremists') subsect of Shia Islam is incorrect.[500] Historiography See also: Historiography of early Islam Much has been written about Ali in Islamic literature, second only to Muhammad.[4] However, much of this material is colored by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.[4] The primary sources about Ali are the Quran, hadiths, and other early Islamic works,[4] the most notable being The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays, attributed to a companion of Ali.[501] Such works were initially scarce, but this changed with the introduction of affordable paper in the Abbasid period. For instance, at least twenty-one monographs were composed on the Battle of Siffin between 750 and 950, thirteen of which were authored by the early historian Abu Mikhnaf (d. 773–774). Most of these monographs are not extant except through quotations in later collections, such as the tenth-century Tarikh al-Tabari.[502] In addition to numerous works authored by Muslims, the secondary sources about Ali include writings of Arab Christians, Hindus, and also works by Western scholars.[4] When writing about Ali, early Western scholars often dismissed as fabricated the reports gathered in later periods because their authors often advanced their own Sunni or Shia partisan views. For instance, L. Caetani (d. 1935) often rejected the historical reports attributed to the pro-Ali Ibn Abbas and anti-Ali Aisha. Caetani instead preferred accounts reported without isnad by early historians like Ibn Ishaq (d. 767). By contrast, W. Madelung (d. 2023) argued that the tendentiousness of a report alone does not imply its fabrication. Madelung instead advocated for the authentication of historical reports on the basis of their compatibility with other events and figures.[503] Footnotes .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Lapidus, Ira M. 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ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gleave 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Shah-Kazemi 2015b. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Afsaruddin & Nasr 2023. ^ Momen 1985, p. 239. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Veccia Vaglieri 2012a. ^ Rubin 1995, p. 130. ^ a b c d Momen 1985, p. 12. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 34. ^ Rubin 1995, pp. 136–7. ^ a b c d Huart 2012a. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 71, 98. ^ Abbas 2021, pp. 46, 206. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Poonawala 1982. ^ Kassam & Blomfield 2015. ^ a b c d e f Buehler 2014, p. 186. ^ Klemm 2005, p. 186. ^ Qutbuddin 2006, p. 248. ^ Momen 1985, pp. 13–14. ^ a b Schmucker 2012. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 16. ^ a b Osman 2015, p. 110. ^ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 379. ^ Haider 2014, p. 35. ^ Haider 2014, p. 36. ^ McAuliffe 2023. ^ Fedele 2018, p. 56. ^ Lalani 2006, p. 29. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 72. ^ Bill & Williams 2002, p. 29. ^ a b Momen 1985, p. 13. ^ Momen 1985, p. 14. ^ a b c d Shah-Kazemi 2014. ^ a b Miskinzoda 2015, p. 69. ^ Miskinzoda 2015, pp. 76–7. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 46. ^ Faizer 2006. ^ Donner 2010, pp. 72–3. ^ Arafat 1976. ^ Dakake 2007, pp. 34–9. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 79. ^ a b c d e f g Amir-Moezzi 2014. ^ a b Momen 1985, p. 16. ^ a b Mavani 2013, p. 80. ^ a b c d e Veccia Vaglieri 2012b. ^ Lalani 2000, p. 70–71. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 34. ^ Lalani 2000, p. 71. ^ Dakake 2007, pp. 34–7. ^ Momen 1985, p. 15. ^ a b c Veccia Vaglieri 2012d. ^ Jones 2009. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 20. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 35. ^ Lalani 2011. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 20. ^ a b Dakake 2007, p. 45. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 2. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 47. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 21. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 70. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 46. ^ Dakake 2007, pp. 44–5. ^ Lalani 2006, p. 590. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 253. ^ McHugo 2017, §2.IV. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 41. ^ a b Afsaruddin 2013, p. 51. ^ a b c d Jafri 1979, p. 39. ^ Momen 1985, p. 18. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 30–2. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 37. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 35. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 31–33. ^ Momen 1985, pp. 18–9. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 36, 40. ^ McHugo 2017, §1.III. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 5. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 34. ^ Keaney 2021, §3.1. ^ a b Walker 2014, p. 3. ^ Lecomte 2012. ^ Shaban 1971, p. 16. ^ Khetia 2013, pp. 31–2. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 32. ^ a b Fedele 2018. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 43. ^ a b Jafri 1979, p. 40. ^ Qutbuddin 2006, p. 249. ^ Cortese & Calderini 2006, p. 8. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 41. ^ a b Madelung 1997, pp. 43–4. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 40–1. ^ Soufi 1997, p. 86. ^ a b Khetia 2013, p. 78. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 98. ^ Soufi 1997, pp. 84–5. ^ Ayoub 2014, pp. 17–20. ^ Khetia 2013, p. 35. ^ Soufi 1997, p. 84. ^ Khetia 2013, p. 38. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 47. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 50. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 116. ^ Soufi 1997, pp. 104–105. ^ a b Sajjadi 2018. ^ Veccia Vaglieri 2012c. ^ Soufi 1997, p. 100. ^ a b c d Madelung 1997, p. 141. ^ a b Momen 1985, pp. 19–20. ^ McHugo 2017, p. 40. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 44. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 141, 253. ^ Mavani 2013, p. 113–114. ^ Momen 1985, p. 62. ^ Mavani 2013, pp. 114, 117. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 79. ^ a b c Anthony 2013. ^ a b Mavani 2013, p. 117. ^ Aslan 2005, p. 122. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 94. ^ a b c Jafri 1979, p. 45. ^ a b c Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 78. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 81. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 50. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 47–8. ^ Momen 1985, p. 20. ^ Veccia Vaglieri 2012a, p. 382. ^ Afsaruddin 2013, p. 32. ^ Ayoub 2014, p. 32. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 46. ^ a b c d Glassé 2001, p. 40. ^ Tabatabai 1975, p. 158. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 89. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 22. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 66–7. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 62, 65. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 67. ^ Pellat 1983. ^ a b Jafri 1979, p. 50. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 52. ^ Ayoub 2014, p. 43. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 71. ^ a b c Jafri 1979, p. 51. ^ a b c Momen 1985, p. 21. ^ a b c Jafri 1979, p. 54. ^ Kennedy 2016, p. 60. ^ Keaney 2021, §3.4. ^ Shaban 1971, pp. 62–3. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 71–2. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 52–3. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 116. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 68. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 52–53, 55. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 87. ^ a b Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 67. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 84. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 52. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 108, 113. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 53. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 108. ^ a b c Hinds 1972a, p. 467. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 109. ^ a b c Jafri 1979, p. 63. ^ a b Daftary 2014, p. 30. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 98. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 100–2. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 59. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 107–8. ^ a b c d Momen 1985, p. 22. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 62. ^ a b McHugo 2017, p. 49. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 121. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 118–9. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 128. ^ a b c d e f g Anthony 2013, p. 31. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 111. ^ Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 68. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 111, 119. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 122. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 123. ^ a b c d Madelung 1997, p. 112. ^ a b c Madelung 1997, p. 127. ^ Levi Della Vida & Khoury 2012. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 126. ^ Hinds 1972a. ^ Donner 2010, p. 152. ^ a b c Kennedy 2016, p. 65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Veccia Vaglieri 2012f. ^ Donner 2010, p. 157. ^ a b c Lapidus 2002, p. 56. ^ a b Ayoub 2014, p. 81. ^ a b c d e f g h Bahramian 2015. ^ a b Madelung 1997, pp. 142–3. ^ a b Momen 1985, p. 24. ^ Ayoub 2014, p. 70. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 143. ^ a b c d Madelung 1997, p. 147. ^ a b Jafri 1979, p. 64. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 144–5. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 144. ^ a b Shaban 1971, p. 71. ^ Ayoub 2014, p. 85. ^ Veccia Vaglieri 1970, p. 69. ^ a b Shaban 1971, p. 72. ^ a b c d Donner 2010, p. 158. ^ Keaney 2021, §3.5. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 72. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 115. ^ It was only when Yazdegerd died (A.D. 651) that some mark of Arab authority was added to the coinage (Plate II, 1; Marv, 651-52). Most early drahms have only a short Arabic religious inscription in the margin (such as besm Allāh, "in the name of God"), with the name of Yazdegerd or his predecessor Ḵosrow II, but a few have the name of ʿAbdallāh b. ʿĀmer, conqueror and governor of southern and eastern Iran. The most common name in the first two decades of Arab rule is Ḵosrow II. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-sasanian-coins ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 309–10. ^ a b c d e f Momen 1985, p. 25. ^ Tabatabai 1975, p. 43. ^ McHugo 2017, p. 53. ^ a b Ayoub 2014, p. 91. ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 148. ^ a b c Tabatabai 1975, p. 45. ^ a b Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 105. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 272. ^ a b c Tabatabai 1975, p. 44. ^ a b Madelung 1997, pp. 149–50. ^ a b Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 89. ^ a b c Tabatabai 1975, p. 46. ^ Tabatabai 1975, p. 64. ^ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 3203. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, pp. 89–90. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 150. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 77. ^ a b Shaban 1971, p. 73. ^ Shaban 1971, pp. 72–73. ^ Mavani 2013, pp. 67–68. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 57. ^ a b c Haider 2014, p. 34. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 60. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 251–252. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 59. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 71. ^ Dakake 2007, pp. 58–59. ^ Dakake 2007, p. 262n30. ^ Jafri 1979, p. 67. ^ Abbas 2021, p. 133. ^ Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 90. ^ Ayoub 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