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The Sumerian cuneiform system is a direct ancestor to the Eblaite and Assyro-Babylonian Semitic cuneiform decimal systems.[26] Surviving Babylonian documents date mostly from Old Babylonian (c. 1500 BCE) and the Seleucid (c. 300 BCE) eras.[24] The Babylonian cuneiform script notation for numbers used the same symbol for 1 and 60 as in the Sumerian system.[27] The most commonly used glyph in the modern Western world to represent the number 1 is the Arabic numeral, a vertical line, often with a serif at the top and sometimes a short horizontal line at the bottom. It can be traced back to the Brahmic script of ancient India, as represented by Ashoka as a simple vertical line in his Edicts of Ashoka in c. 250 BCE.[28] This script's numeral shapes were transmitted to Europe via the Maghreb and Al-Andalus during the Middle Ages [29] The Arabic numeral, and other glyphs used to represent the number one (e.g., Roman numeral (.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-a{border:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-t{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-v{border:solid;border-width:0 1px;padding:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-h{border:solid;border-width:1px 0}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-tv{border:1px solid;border-bottom:none;padding:0 2px}I ), Chinese numeral (一)) are logograms. These symbols directly represent the concept of 'one' without breaking it down into phonetic components.[30] Modern typefaces .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}This Woodstock typewriter from the 1940s lacks a separate key for the numeral 1.Hoefler Text, a typeface designed in 1991, uses text figures and represents the numeral 1 as similar to a small-caps I. In modern typefaces, the shape of the character for the digit 1 is typically typeset as a lining figure with an ascender, such that the digit is the same height and width as a capital letter. However, in typefaces with text figures (also known as Old style numerals or non-lining figures), the glyph usually is of x-height and designed to follow the rhythm of the lowercase, as, for example, in .[31] In old-style typefaces (e.g., Hoefler Text), the typeface for numeral 1 resembles a small caps version of I, featuring parallel serifs at the top and bottom, while the capital I retains a full-height form. This is a relic from the Roman numerals system where I represents 1.[32] Many older typewriters do not have a dedicated key for the numeral 1, requiring the use of the lowercase letter L or uppercase I as substitutes.[33][34][35][36] The 24-hour tower clock in Venice, using J as a symbol for 1 The lower case "j" can be considered a swash variant of a lower-case Roman numeral "i", often employed for the final i of a "lower-case" Roman numeral. It is also possible to find historic examples of the use of j or J as a substitute for the Arabic numeral 1.[37][38][39][40] In German, the serif at the top may be extended into a long upstroke as long as the vertical line. This variation can lead to confusion with the glyph used for seven in other countries and so to provide a visual distinction between the two the digit 7 may be written with a horizontal stroke through the vertical line.[41] In other fields In digital technology, data is represented by binary code, i.e., a base-2 numeral system with numbers represented by a sequence of 1s and 0s. Digitised data is represented in physical devices, such as computers, as pulses of electricity through switching devices such as transistors or logic gates where "1" represents the value for "on". As such, the numerical value of true is equal to 1 in many programming languages.[42][43] In lambda calculus and computability theory, natural numbers are represented by Church encoding as functions, where the Church numeral for 1 is represented by the function f {\displaystyle f} applied to an argument x {\displaystyle x} once (1 f x = f x {\displaystyle fx=fx} ).[44] In physics, selected physical constants are set to 1 in natural unit systems in order to simplify the form of equations; for example, in Planck units the speed of light equals 1.[45] Dimensionless quantities are also known as 'quantities of dimension one'.[46] In quantum mechanics, the normalization condition for wavefunctions requires the integral of a wavefunction's squared modulus to be equal to 1.[47] In chemistry, hydrogen, the first element of the periodic table and the most abundant element in the known universe, has an atomic number of 1. Group 1 of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals.[48] In philosophy, the number 1 is commonly regarded as a symbol of unity, often representing God or the universe in monotheistic traditions.[49] The Pythagoreans considered the numbers to be plural and therefore did not classify 1 itself as a number, but as the origin of all numbers. In their number philosophy, where odd numbers were considered male and even numbers female, 1 was considered neutral capable of transforming even numbers to odd and vice versa by addition.[49] The Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa's number treatise, as recovered by Boethius in the Latin translation Introduction to Arithmetic, affirmed that one is not a number, but the source of number.[50] In the philosophy of Plotinus (and that of other neoplatonists), 'The One' is the ultimate reality and source of all existence.[51] Philo of Alexandria (20 BC – AD 50) regarded the number one as God's number, and the basis for all numbers.[52] See also −1 0.999... – Alternative decimal expansion of 1 References .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ Colman 1912, pp. 9–10, chapt.2. ^ Graham, Knuth & Patashnik 1994, p. 111. ^ Caldwell & Xiong 2012, pp. 8–9. ^ a b Kennedy 1974, pp. 389. ^ Peano 1889, p. 1. ^ Peano 1908, p. 27. ^ Halmos 1974, p. 32. ^ Hodges 2009, p. 14. ^ Hext 1990. ^ Graham, Knuth & Patashnik 1994, p. 381. ^ Blokhintsev 2012, p. 35. ^ Pintz 1980, pp. 733–735. ^ Gaitsgory & Lurie 2019, pp. 204–307. ^ Kottwitz 1988. ^ Miller 2015, pp. 3–4. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}"Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. 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"Gustavi Seleni Cryptomenytices Et Cryptographiae Libri IX.: In quibus & planißima Steganographiae a Johanne Trithemio ... magice & aenigmatice olim conscriptae, Enodatio traditur; Inspersis ubique Authoris ac Aliorum, non contemnendis inventis". Johann & Heinrich Stern. p. 285 – via Google Books. ^ Huber & Headrick 1999, pp. 181. ^ Woodford 2006, p. 9. ^ Godbole 2002, p. 34. ^ Hindley & Seldin 2008, p. 48. ^ Glick, Darby & Marmodoro 2020, pp. 99. ^ Mills 1995, pp. 538–539. ^ McWeeny 1972, pp. 14. ^ Emsley 2001. ^ a b Stewart 2024. ^ British Society for the History of Science (July 1, 1977). "From Abacus to Algorism: Theory and Practice in Medieval Arithmetic". The British Journal for the History of Science. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press: Abstract. doi:10.1017/S0007087400015375. S2CID 145065082. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. 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